特朗普签署第14257号行政令加征对等关税：全球基准10%、中国34%

2025年4月2日，美国总统特朗普在华盛顿白宫签署第14257号行政令《以对等关税规范进口，纠正导致美国货物贸易长期巨额逆差的贸易做法》。行政令宣布，美国长期巨额货物贸易逆差构成国家紧急状态，并对所有贸易伙伴加征额外从价关税：先行对全部进口货物统一加征10%，随后对附件一所列贸易伙伴改按更高的国别税率征收，其中中国为34%。

行政令援引的法律依据包括《国际紧急经济权力法》（IEEPA）、《国家紧急状态法》、《1974年贸易法》第604条与《美国法典》第3编第301条。行政令称，美国货物贸易逆差过去5年增长逾40%，2024年达到1.2万亿美元；行政令列举的数据称，美国简单平均最惠国税率为3.3%，低于中国的7.5%、欧盟的5%与印度的17%，双边贸易缺乏对等、关税与非关税壁垒并存，是逆差持续扩大的主因。

按行政令第3条，10%的基准税率自2025年4月5日美东夏令时凌晨0时01分起，对进入消费环节或从仓库提取进入消费的货物生效；在此之前已装船并处于最后运输环节在途的货物豁免。附件一所列伙伴的国别税率原定自4月9日同一时刻生效，届时相关货物改按国别税率征收：除中国34%外，越南为46%、柬埔寨为49%、欧盟为20%、日本为24%、印度为26%、台湾为32%。这批额外关税是在原有其他关税之外加征。

行政令同时列明豁免范围：已按《1962年贸易扩展法》第232条征税的钢铁、铝及其衍生品与汽车及零部件，不适用本令税率；附件二所列的铜、药品、半导体、木材制品、部分关键矿产以及能源与能源产品等亦在豁免之列。加拿大与墨西哥未列入附件一，其货物继续按此前针对边境紧急状态的行政令处理，本令税率不与此前税率叠加征收。

行政令第4条保留了后续调整授权：贸易伙伴若对美国采取报复措施，总统可进一步提高或扩大关税范围；贸易伙伴若采取重大步骤纠正不对等安排、并在经济与国家安全事项上与美国充分对齐，总统也可下调或限缩关税。行政令其后刊载于《联邦公报》2025年4月7日第90卷第15041页（文件号2025-06063）。

关联：特朗普暂停国别对等关税90天：中国税率升至125%（来源：白宫）

Trump Signs Executive Order 14257 Imposing Reciprocal Tariffs: 10% Baseline Worldwide, 34% on China

On April 2, 2025, President Donald J. Trump signed Executive Order 14257, "Regulating Imports With a Reciprocal Tariff To Rectify Trade Practices That Contribute to Large and Persistent Annual United States Goods Trade Deficits," at the White House in Washington. The order declared that large and persistent annual U.S. goods trade deficits constitute a national emergency and imposed additional ad valorem duties on all trading partners: a uniform 10 percent additional duty on all imports first, followed shortly thereafter by higher country-specific rates for the trading partners listed in Annex I to the order, with China set at 34 percent.

The order invokes the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), the National Emergencies Act, section 604 of the Trade Act of 1974, and section 301 of title 3, United States Code. It states that the U.S. goods trade deficit grew by more than 40 percent in the past five years, reaching $1.2 trillion in 2024, and it cites a U.S. simple average most-favored-nation tariff rate of 3.3 percent, compared with 7.5 percent for China, 5 percent for the European Union and 17 percent for India, presenting a lack of reciprocity, disparate tariff rates and non-tariff barriers as the conditions behind the persistent deficits.

Under section 3 of the order, the 10 percent baseline rate applies to goods entered for consumption, or withdrawn from warehouse for consumption, on or after 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on April 5, 2025, with an exception for goods already loaded onto a vessel and in transit on the final mode of transit before that time. The country-specific rates in Annex I were scheduled to take effect at 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on April 9, 2025: in addition to China at 34 percent, Vietnam was set at 46 percent, Cambodia at 49 percent, the European Union at 20 percent, Japan at 24 percent, India at 26 percent and Taiwan at 32 percent. The new duties are in addition to other applicable duties.

The order also sets out exceptions. Articles and derivatives of steel and aluminum, and automobiles and automotive parts, already subject to duties under section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 are not subject to the order's rates, nor are the products listed in Annex II, including copper, pharmaceuticals, semiconductors, lumber articles, certain critical minerals, and energy and energy products. Canada and Mexico are not listed in Annex I; their goods remain governed by the earlier border-emergency orders, and the rates under this order do not stack on top of those orders.

Section 4 of the order reserves authority for later adjustments: if a trading partner retaliates, the President may further increase or expand the duties; if a trading partner takes significant steps to remedy non-reciprocal trade arrangements and aligns sufficiently with the United States on economic and national security matters, the President may decrease or limit the duties in scope. The order was published in the Federal Register on April 7, 2025, at 90 FR 15041 (Document No. 2025-06063).

Related: Trump Pauses Country-Specific Reciprocal Tariffs for 90 Days, Raises China Rate to 125% (Source: The White House)

来源：白宫

发布：GSM·美国（发布链接）

图片来源：GSM 行政令统一模板（美国总统行政令）

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