特朗普对进口汽车与部分零部件加征25%关税：援引第232条国家安全条款

2025年3月26日，美国总统特朗普在首都华盛顿的白宫签署第10908号公告，援引1962年《贸易扩展法》第232条，对进口汽车与部分汽车零部件加征25%关税。公告认定，进口汽车与部分零部件继续以威胁损害美国国家安全的数量与情形进入美国，有必要以关税调整进口，使其不再构成这一威胁。

受关税约束的整车包括轿车、运动型多用途车、跨界车、小型厢式车、货运厢式车与轻型卡车；零部件包括发动机及发动机零件、变速箱与动力总成零件、电气部件，具体品目以公告附件及随后在《联邦公报》刊登的通知为准。这项25%关税是从价税，叠加在这些进口商品原有的其他关税、费用与收费之上，且不适用退税。整车部分对美东夏令时间2025年4月3日凌晨12时01分起报关消费或从保税仓库提取消费的货物生效；零部件部分按《联邦公报》所定的日期生效，最迟不晚于2025年5月3日。

对符合《美墨加协定》（USMCA）优惠待遇的整车，进口商可以向商务部长提交文件、证明每款车型的美国成分；经商务部长批准后，25%关税只按非美国成分的价值征收，非美国成分按整车总价值减去美国成分计算。公告同时警告：如果海关与边境保护局认定进口商高估了美国成分、导致非美国成分申报不实，25%关税将按整车全值征收，不论其实际美国成分多少，并追溯与前瞻适用于同一进口商进口的同一型号全部汽车。对符合USMCA优惠待遇的零部件，这项关税暂不征收，直到商务部长与海关与边境保护局建立起只对非美国成分计税的程序、并在《联邦公报》刊登通知为止；汽车拼装套件不适用这一暂缓安排。

这项公告的调查源头可追溯到2019年：商务部长当年2月17日向总统提交第232条调查报告，认为汽车与部分零部件的进口威胁损害国家安全，特朗普在2019年5月17日的第9888号公告中认同这一结论。2025年的公告说，其后的新冠疫情暴露了全球供应链的脆弱环节，美国车企接连遭遇材料与零部件短缺、劳工短缺，外国汽车产业则在补贴与产业政策扶持下扩张；公告认为《美墨加协定》与美韩自贸协定修订等既有安排不足以消除威胁。白宫同日发布的事实清单称，2024年美国人购买了约1,600万辆汽车、运动型多用途车与轻型卡车，其中一半是进口车，美国汽车零部件贸易逆差达935亿美元。

公告还要求商务部长在90天内建立程序，把更多零部件品目纳入征税范围，国内生产商或行业协会可以提出申请、商务部长在征询国际贸易委员会与海关与边境保护局后60天内作出决定；商务部长并须持续监测汽车与零部件进口、向总统报告国家安全状况。这项关税将持续有效，除非其后被明确削减、修改或终止。

关联：特朗普签行政令对加拿大、墨西哥加征25%关税、对中国加征10%关税

（来源：白宫）

Trump Imposes 25% Tariff on Imported Automobiles and Certain Auto Parts Under Section 232

On March 26, 2025, President Donald J. Trump signed Proclamation 10908 at the White House in Washington, invoking Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 to impose a 25 percent tariff on imports of automobiles and certain automobile parts. The proclamation finds that imports of automobiles and certain automobile parts continue to threaten to impair the national security of the United States, and that tariffs are necessary and appropriate to adjust those imports so they will not do so.

The automobiles covered are sedans, sport utility vehicles, crossover utility vehicles, minivans, cargo vans, and light trucks; the parts covered are engines and engine parts, transmissions and powertrain parts, and electrical components, with the specific articles listed in the proclamation's annex and subsequent notices in the Federal Register. The 25 percent tariff is an ad valorem duty, imposed in addition to any other duties, fees, exactions, and charges on the imports, and no drawback is available. For automobiles it applies to goods entered for consumption, or withdrawn from warehouse for consumption, on or after 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on April 3, 2025; for automobile parts it applies on the date specified in the Federal Register, but no later than May 3, 2025.

For automobiles qualifying for preferential tariff treatment under the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), importers may submit documentation to the Secretary of Commerce identifying the amount of U.S. content in each model; once approved, the 25 percent tariff applies exclusively to the value of the non-U.S. content, calculated by subtracting the U.S. content from the automobile's total value. If U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) determines that the declared non-U.S. content is inaccurate because U.S. content was overstated, the 25 percent tariff applies to the full value of the automobile regardless of its actual U.S. content, retroactively and prospectively to all automobiles of the same model imported by the same importer. For automobile parts qualifying under the USMCA, the tariff does not apply until the Secretary, in consultation with CBP, establishes a process to apply it exclusively to the non-U.S. content of the parts and publishes notice in the Federal Register; automobile knock-down kits and parts compilations are not covered by that deferral.

The proclamation traces its findings to the Secretary of Commerce's February 17, 2019 report under Section 232, which concluded that automobile and parts imports threatened national security, a finding Trump concurred in with Proclamation 9888 of May 17, 2019. The 2025 proclamation says the COVID-19 pandemic exposed critical vulnerabilities in global supply chains, American manufacturers have faced material, parts, and labor shortages, and foreign industries have grown on subsidies and industrial policies, while the USMCA, the revised U.S.-Korea trade agreement, and legislation have not sufficiently eliminated the threat. A White House fact sheet issued the same day said Americans bought approximately 16 million cars, SUVs, and light trucks in 2024, half of them imports, and that the United States trade deficit in automobile parts reached $93.5 billion in 2024.

The proclamation also directs the Secretary of Commerce to establish, within 90 days, a process for including additional automobile parts within the scope of the tariffs, under which domestic producers or industry associations may file requests and the Secretary, after consulting the International Trade Commission and CBP, decides within 60 days; the Secretary is to keep monitoring automobile and parts imports and report to the President on their national-security status. The tariffs continue in effect unless expressly reduced, modified, or terminated.

Related: Trump Signs Orders Imposing 25% Tariffs on Canada and Mexico, 10% on China

(Source: The White House)

来源：白宫

发布：GSM·美国（发布链接）

图片来源：图：2025年3月26日，特朗普在白宫椭圆形办公室宣布对进口汽车加征关税，身旁立着「美国湾」地图（白宫官方照片，Molly Riley 摄，公共领域）。 / Image: President Donald Trump announces tariffs on auto imports in the Oval Office on March 26, 2025, next to a map of the Gulf of America (official White House photo by Molly Riley, public domain).

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