加州起诉特朗普关税：称总统无权单方面征税、要求法院判令关税无效

位于美国加利福尼亚州斯坦尼斯劳斯县的锡里斯市（Ceres）一座杏仁园里，加州州长加文·纽森（Gavin Newsom）与州总检察长罗布·邦塔（Rob Bonta）2025年4月16日共同宣布：加州已向联邦法院起诉特朗普总统，挑战其动用紧急权力单方面加征大范围关税的做法。加州由此成为全美第一个就关税问题起诉特朗普政府的州。

这起诉讼由加州州政府与以州长官方身份出列的纽森共同提起，诉状当日在位于旧金山的美国加州北区联邦地区法院提交，案号为25-cv-03372。被告包括以总统官方身份出列的特朗普等人。诉状请求法院宣告特朗普加征的关税无效，并禁止其实施。

诉讼的核心主张是：总统无权绕过国会单方面加征关税。诉状称，特朗普依据1977年《国际紧急经济权力法》（IEEPA）对墨西哥、中国和加拿大加征关税、并对所有进口商品设立10%的全面关税，是违法且史无前例的——该法列举了总统在宣布国家紧急状态后可以采取的诸多行动，关税并不在其中，这也是历史上第一次有总统试图援引该法加征关税。

诉状还援引美国最高法院的「重大问题原则」：在具有重大经济与政治影响的新事项上，联邦机构与行政部门必须获得国会明确而具体的授权。加州方面称，很难想象比特朗普这轮关税影响更重大的经济行动——它动用一部只字未提关税的法律，已经造成数千亿美元的经济损失。

纽森在宣布起诉时说：「特朗普总统的违法关税正在给加州的家庭、企业和我们的经济制造混乱——推高物价、威胁就业。我们要为不能任由混乱继续的美国人家庭站出来。」邦塔说，总统对关税混乱无序的推行「不仅令人深感不安，而且违法」，从中央谷地的农场主、萨克拉门托的小企业，到餐桌旁忧心的家庭，这场「游戏」对全州加州人都有真实的后果。

加州州长办公室列出的数据显示：加州2023年国内生产总值达3.9万亿美元，比第二大州德克萨斯州高出约50%，是全球第五大经济体，也是全美第一大制造与农业州；加州2024年双向贸易额近6750亿美元，墨西哥、加拿大和中国是其前三大贸易伙伴，来自这三国的进口占加州进口总额的四成以上。州长办公室称，关税已经扰乱供应链、抬高州政府与居民的成本，并给加州经济造成数十亿美元的损害，其中包括全州6万多家小型出口企业的生计。（来源：加州州长办公室）

关联：特朗普签署第14257号行政令加征对等关税：全球基准10%、中国34%

关联：特朗普暂停国别对等关税90天：中国税率升至125%

California Sues Over Trump Tariffs, Saying the President Lacks Authority to Impose Them Unilaterally

At an almond orchard in Ceres, in Stanislaus County, California, Governor Gavin Newsom and Attorney General Rob Bonta announced jointly on April 16, 2025, that California had sued President Trump in federal court, challenging his use of emergency powers to enact broad-sweeping tariffs unilaterally. California thereby became the first state in the nation to sue the Trump administration over the tariffs.

The lawsuit was brought by the State of California together with Newsom in his official capacity as governor, and the complaint was filed that day in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California in San Francisco, Case No. 25-cv-03372. The defendants include Trump in his official capacity as president. The complaint asks the court to declare the tariffs imposed by President Trump void and enjoin their implementation.

The core claim is that the president lacks the authority to impose tariffs unilaterally without Congress. The lawsuit argues that Trump's use of the International Economic Emergency Powers Act (IEEPA) to impose tariffs against Mexico, China, and Canada, and to create an across-the-board 10% tariff, is unlawful and unprecedented: the IEEPA, enacted by Congress in 1977, specifies many different actions the president can take after declaring a national emergency, but tariffs are not one of them, and this is the first time a president has attempted to rely on the law to impose tariffs.

The lawsuit also invokes the U.S. Supreme Court's major questions doctrine, which holds that on novel matters of vast economic and political significance, federal agencies and the executive branch must have clear and specific authorization from Congress. California argues that it is difficult to imagine a more economically significant set of actions than Trump's tariffs, which have inflicted hundreds of billions of dollars in economic losses using a statute that does not mention tariffs.

Announcing the suit, Newsom said: "President Trump's unlawful tariffs are wreaking chaos on California families, businesses, and our economy — driving up prices and threatening jobs. We're standing up for American families who can't afford to let the chaos continue." Bonta said the president's chaotic and haphazard implementation of tariffs was "not only deeply troubling, it's illegal," and that from farmers in the Central Valley to small businesses in Sacramento and worried families at the kitchen table, the game the president was playing had very real consequences for Californians across the state.

Figures released by the governor's office show that California's gross domestic product was $3.9 trillion in 2023, 50% bigger than that of Texas, the nation's next-largest state, making California the fifth-largest economy in the world and the nation's leading manufacturing and agriculture state. California engaged in nearly $675 billion in two-way trade in 2024, and its top three trading partners — Mexico, Canada, and China — accounted for more than 40% of the state's imports. The governor's office said the tariffs had already disrupted supply chains, inflated costs for the state and Californians, and inflicted billions in damages on California's economy, including for the state's more than 60,000 small-business exporters. (Source: Office of the Governor of California)

Related: Trump Signs Executive Order 14257 Imposing Reciprocal Tariffs: 10% Baseline Worldwide, 34% on China

Related: Trump Pauses Country-Specific Reciprocal Tariffs for 90 Days, Raises China Rate to 125%

来源：加州州长办公室

发布：GSM·美国（发布链接）

图片来源：图：位于萨克拉门托的加州议会大厦（加州州长办公室所在地，资料图）。图：Andre m，CC BY-SA 3.0，via Wikimedia Commons / Photo: The California State Capitol in Sacramento, home to the Office of the Governor of California (file photo). Photo: Andre m, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

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