特朗普签行政令 豁免格雷厄姆制裁法关税与大部分制裁条款

10月16日，美国总统特朗普签署行政命令《实施〈2026年格雷厄姆制裁俄罗斯和伊朗法案〉》，援引该法第115条的总统豁免权，豁免该法项下的全部关税以及大部分制裁与限制条款，并已向国会提交书面证明，确认豁免符合美国国家利益，另附报告说明依据。

这部以已故参议员林赛·格雷厄姆命名的法律9月18日由特朗普签署成法（参议院86比11、众议院262比159通过），大部分条款原定成法30天后的10月18日生效。行政令先按法案列明税率：对俄罗斯货物加征500%关税；对10月18日后仍新购俄罗斯原油或天然气的前五大进口国、以及协助俄罗斯规避石油制裁的前五名国家，其货物加征100%关税，并责成美国贸易代表持续监测各国购买俄油气与规避制裁的情况、随时向总统报告。但行政令第4条随即豁免上述全部关税，并豁免法案第102至111条及第117条的大部分制裁与限制条款。豁免没有截止日期，直至总统或国务卿经与财政部、贸易代表协商后认定需要采取进一步行动为止。行政令同时明确，此前行政命令项下已实施的对俄制裁——包括今年3月24日延续的涉俄国家紧急状态框架——不受影响，继续有效。

此举与本月美俄柴油安排直接相关。10月9日，特朗普宣布俄罗斯将向美国及全球市场供应柴油以压低油价，财政部外国资产控制办公室随后发放通用许可，授权涉俄产柴油的交易至2027年4月。16日，普京的投资特使德米特里耶夫表示，美国财政部已请俄罗斯直接投资基金协助处理柴油交易的付款事宜，并指出格雷厄姆法案若不豁免，将实际上阻断美俄投资合作。此前，乌克兰总统泽连斯基和美国国会部分议员曾批评放宽对俄柴油制裁。（GSM 综合白宫行政令文本与路透社报道）

Trump Signs Order Waiving Graham Act Duties and Most of Its Sanctions Provisions

President Donald Trump on October 16 signed an executive order, 'Implementing the Lindsey O. Graham Sanctioning Russia and Iran Act of 2026,' invoking the waiver authority in section 115 of the Act to waive all duties under the law and most of its sanctions and restrictions provisions. The White House said the president has submitted to Congress a written certification that the waiver is in the national interests of the United States, together with a report explaining the basis for it.

The Act, named for the late Senator Lindsey Graham and signed by Trump on September 18 after passing the Senate 86-11 and the House 262-159, was largely set to take effect on October 18, thirty days after enactment. The order first sets out the Act's duty rates — a 500 percent duty on Russian goods, and 100 percent duties on goods from the five largest importers of Russian crude oil and natural gas that knowingly make new purchases on or after October 18, and from the top five facilitators of Russian oil sanctions evasion — and directs the US Trade Representative to monitor countries' purchases and evasion activity and report to the president. Section 4 of the order then waives all of those duties, along with most sanctions and restrictions provisions in sections 102 through 111 and section 117 of the Act. The waivers have no fixed end date and remain in effect until the president, or the secretary of state in consultation with the Treasury and the Trade Representative, determines that further action is appropriate. The order specifies that sanctions already in place under earlier executive orders, including the Russia national-emergency framework continued on March 24, 2026, are unaffected.

The move is directly tied to this month's US-Russia diesel arrangement. On October 9, Trump announced that Russia would supply diesel to US and global markets to bring down prices, and the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control issued a general license authorizing transactions involving Russian-origin diesel through April 2027. On Friday, Putin's investment envoy Kirill Dmitriev said the US Treasury had asked the Russian Direct Investment Fund, which he heads, to help solve payment issues for the diesel deal, and noted that the Graham Act would otherwise effectively prohibit investment cooperation between the two countries. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskiy and some members of Congress had previously criticized the easing of sanctions on Russian diesel. (GSM, based on the White House executive order text and Reuters reporting)

来源：GSM·美国（原文链接）

图片来源：GSM 行政令统一模板（美国总统行政令）

GSM Global · 本篇英文版 English edition of this story

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