联邦法官叫停西弗吉尼亚州总检察长对两家环保组织的传票
美国西弗吉尼亚州 Kanawha 县查尔斯顿市——美国联邦地区法院南区法官 Joseph Goodwin 10月29日作出裁定，对西弗吉尼亚州总检察长 J.B. McCuskey 发出临时限制令，阻止其执行针对西弗吉尼亚河流联盟和全国气候组织350.org的传票，禁令有效期至11月12日下午4时，除非法院延长。
McCuskey 于9月16日依据《西弗吉尼亚消费者信贷与保护法》发出传票，要求两家组织交出自2017年1月1日以来的近十年内部通讯、起草文件、筹款记录及支持者信息等16类文件，原定交件截止日为11月2日。
Goodwin 在27页的备忘录意见中写道，总检察长没有指出任何受骗的消费者、任何一笔交易，也没有指出任何人因两家组织的话而购买了商品；两家组织从事的是受保护的倡导言论，而非商业言论，传票侵犯了结社自由、冷却了第一修正案权利的行使。他写道：「第一修正案禁止一个州以这种方式使用其调查权，在本案审理期间，我不会允许这样做。」
裁定强调，这只是临时救济、并非案件最终判决，法院将另行安排是否颁发更长期初步禁令的听证。两家组织于10月22日提起诉讼，指控传票违反第一、第四和第十四修正案。
来源：Reason（Volokh Conspiracy）10月30日刊载的裁定书摘录；彭博法律10月30日报道。
Federal Judge Blocks West Virginia Attorney General's Subpoenas to Two Environmental Groups
CHARLESTON, West Virginia — U.S. District Judge Joseph R. Goodwin of the Southern District of West Virginia granted a temporary restraining order on October 29 blocking Attorney General J.B. McCuskey from enforcing subpoenas against the West Virginia Rivers Coalition and the national climate group 350.org. The order runs until 4 p.m. on November 12, unless the court extends it.
McCuskey issued the subpoenas on September 16 under the West Virginia Consumer Credit and Protection Act, demanding 16 categories of documents reaching back to January 1, 2017 — internal communications, drafts, fundraising records and information about supporters — with a compliance deadline of November 2.
In a 27-page memorandum opinion, Goodwin wrote that the Attorney General identified no consumer who was cheated, no sale, and no purchase made in reliance on anything either group said; the organizations engage in protected advocacy speech, not commercial speech, and the subpoenas trespass on their freedom of association and chill First Amendment rights. "The First Amendment forbids a State from using its investigative power that way, and I will not allow it while this case is pending," he wrote.
The ruling is temporary relief, not a final decision; a hearing on a longer preliminary injunction will be scheduled. The two organizations sued on October 22, alleging violations of the First, Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments.
Sources: Court opinion excerpts published by Reason (The Volokh Conspiracy), October 30; Bloomberg Law, October 30.
来源：GSM·美国（原文链接）
图片来源：图：西弗吉尼亚州查尔斯顿市景。来源：Wikimedia Commons（WeaponizingArchitecture，CC BY-SA 4.0）
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