农业部拟收紧粮食券自动资格 估算630万人将失去补助
美国农业部（USDA）食品与营养管理局（FNA）11月10日在华盛顿发布拟议规则，刊登于当日《联邦公报》，拟把补充营养援助计划（SNAP，俗称粮食券）的「类别资格」收紧为只限实际领取贫困家庭临时援助（TANF）补助的家庭。农业部按自家的影响分析估算，规则全面生效的2029财年，约320万户、共630万人将不再领取SNAP补助，公众可在12月10日前提交意见。
现行规则下，各州可用TANF出资的非现金福利或服务，让家庭自动取得SNAP资格，不必再逐项通过联邦的收入与资产审查，许多州据此把总收入上限放宽到联邦贫困线的200%。农业部说，截至2025年12月，53个州级机构中有46个采用了这种「广泛类别资格」做法，其中41个州目前不在SNAP资格审查中核查申请家庭的资产。拟议规则把可用的TANF福利限定为联邦法规45 CFR 260.31所定义的「援助」，即以满足家庭基本生活需要为目的的现金、支付、代金券等形式的补助。
农业部估算，这批将失去补助的家庭占现有SNAP参与家庭的16.9%、占参与人数的17.6%，原因是其收入或资产超过联邦法定上限。农业部同时估算，规则将在2027财年至2031财年的五年间减少约446.49亿美元的联邦SNAP补助支出。
连带影响还涉及学校餐等其他营养项目。农业部估算，约178万名儿童将不再凭SNAP参与资格自动取得免费学校餐资格，其中约97%仍可按家庭收入另行认定免费或减价餐资格，约9.3万名儿童将由免费餐改为减价餐，约2.8万名将按全价付费。农业部还请公众就「是否有其他办法达到同样的政策目标」一并提出意见。这项规则目前只是提案，不会立即改变任何人的补助，副部长 Stephen A. Vaden 签署了规则文本，案卷号为 FNA-2026-0661。
农业部同日在《联邦公报》刊登了另一份SNAP拟议规则，把2025年《大而美法案》对有工作能力的无被抚养人成年人（ABAWD）三个月领取时限的修改写进法规：时限适用于18岁至64岁、不符合例外情形的参与者，例外包括身体或精神状况不适合就业、照料14岁以下儿童、怀孕，以及印第安人等情形；地区豁免改为原则上只限失业率超过10%的地区，阿拉斯加州与夏威夷州为全国平均失业率1.5倍以上，并删除「就业机会不足」这一旧标准，同时收紧豁免申请要求、修订「无家可归者」的定义。该规则案卷号为 FNA-2025-0368，意见同样于12月10日截止。
（来源：美国农业部）
USDA Proposes Tightening SNAP Automatic Eligibility, Estimates 6.3 Million Would Lose Benefits
The Food and Nutrition Administration (FNA) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) published a proposed rule in the Federal Register on November 10 in Washington that would limit categorical eligibility for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) to households that actually receive assistance under Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). In its own impact analysis, the department estimates that in fiscal year 2029, the first year the rule is expected to reach its full effects, about 3.2 million households containing 6.3 million people would no longer receive SNAP benefits. Written comments are due by December 10, 2026.
Under current regulations, states can use non-cash benefits or services funded by TANF to make households automatically eligible for SNAP without a separate check against the federal income and resource limits, and many states use that route to set a gross income limit as high as 200 percent of the federal poverty guidelines. USDA said that as of December 2025, 46 of the 53 state agencies administering SNAP had adopted this broad-based categorical eligibility, and 41 states do not currently assess resource information as part of the SNAP eligibility determination. The proposal would limit qualifying TANF benefits to "assistance" as defined at 45 CFR 260.31, meaning cash, payments, vouchers and other benefits designed to meet a family's ongoing basic needs.
USDA estimates that the households that would lose benefits represent 16.9 percent of participating SNAP households and 17.6 percent of SNAP participants, because their income or resources exceed the federal statutory limits. The department also estimates the rule would reduce federal SNAP benefit spending by about $44.649 billion over the five years from fiscal year 2027 through fiscal year 2031.
The proposal would also affect other nutrition programs where SNAP participation confers eligibility. USDA estimates about 1.78 million children would no longer be categorically eligible for free school meals, although about 97 percent of them would still qualify for free or reduced-price meals based on household income through a different process; about 93,000 children would move from free to reduced-price meals and about 28,000 would pay full price. The department also invited comments on whether alternative approaches could achieve the same policy goals. The rule is a proposal only and does not change anyone's benefits now. Deputy Secretary Stephen A. Vaden signed the rule, filed under docket FNA-2026-0661.
USDA published a second SNAP proposed rule in the same day's Federal Register, codifying the One Big Beautiful Bill Act of 2025 changes to the three-month time limit for able-bodied adults without dependents. Under that proposal, the time limit applies to participants aged 18 through 64 who do not meet an exception, including being physically or mentally unfit for employment, responsible for a child under 14, pregnant, or an Indian, Urban Indian or California Indian. Area waivers would in principle be limited to areas with unemployment rates over 10 percent, or at least 1.5 times the national average in Alaska and Hawaii, removing the former lack-of-sufficient-jobs standard, while waiver requests would face stronger data requirements and the SNAP definition of a homeless individual would be revised. That rule is filed under docket FNA-2025-0368, with comments also due December 10.
(Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture)
来源：美国农业部
发布：GSM·美国（发布链接）
图片来源：图：位于华盛顿的美国农业部总部 Jamie L. Whitten 大楼（美国农业部官方照片，公共领域，经 Wikimedia Commons）。 / Photo: The Jamie L. Whitten Building, headquarters of the U.S. Department of Agriculture in Washington (USDA official photo, public domain, via Wikimedia Commons).
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