历史上的今天：10月30日，全球重要历史事件
10月30日这一天，世界多地发生过影响深远的事件：英国都铎王朝在这一天奠基，俄罗斯帝国在这一天承诺立宪，美国在这一天被一场广播剧搅动，苏联在这一天试爆人类有记录以来最强的爆炸装置。以下按年份排列，只述事实。
公元130年，罗马帝国：皇帝哈德良在埃及尼罗河东岸创建安提诺波利斯城（Antinoopolis），以纪念此前在尼罗河中溺亡的安提诺乌斯（Antinous）。该城建有凯旋门、剧场、竞技场与城墙，后来成为安提诺乌斯崇拜的中心。
1340年，西班牙与葡萄牙：卡斯蒂利亚国王阿方索十一世与葡萄牙国王阿方索四世率联军，在塔里法附近的萨拉多河战役中击败摩洛哥马林王朝苏丹阿布·哈桑与格拉纳达的优素福一世联军，马林王朝此后未能再在伊比利亚半岛建立据点。
1485年，英国：亨利·都铎在威斯敏斯特教堂加冕为英格兰国王亨利七世，创立都铎王朝。此前他在博斯沃思原野战役中击败理查三世，玫瑰战争至此基本结束。
1735年，美国：约翰·亚当斯出生于马萨诸塞湾殖民地布伦特里（今昆西）。他后来担任美国第一任副总统与第二任总统，是美国独立与建国时期的重要政治人物。
1905年，俄罗斯帝国：沙皇尼古拉二世颁布《十月宣言》，承诺保障言论、新闻与集会等公民自由，扩大选举权，并设立由民选代表组成、立法须经其批准的国家杜马。这一文件事实上结束了俄国的无限专制，开启君主立宪时期，其背景是1905年俄国革命。
1938年，美国：东部时间晚8时，奥森·威尔斯与水星剧团在 CBS 电台播出根据 H. G. 威尔斯小说《世界大战》改编的广播剧，以模拟新闻播报的形式讲述火星人入侵新泽西并进攻纽约。该节目后来以在部分听众中引发恐慌而闻名，其实际恐慌规模在后世研究中多有讨论。
1961年，苏联：苏联在北冰洋新地岛上空试爆「沙皇炸弹」热核装置，为人类有记录以来最强的爆炸。装置原设计当量为1亿吨，试爆前减为约5000万吨，以减少放射性沉降；爆炸火球的闪光在约1000公里外可见，蘑菇云升至60公里以上高空。
1974年，扎伊尔（今刚果民主共和国）：在首都金沙萨举行的世界重量级拳王赛「丛林之战」中，穆罕默德·阿里在第八回合击倒卫冕拳王乔治·福尔曼，夺回世界重量级拳王头衔。
2003年，美国：18岁的勒布朗·詹姆斯代表克利夫兰骑士队在萨克拉门托客场完成 NBA 常规赛首秀，得到25分、9次助攻、6个篮板与4次抢断，骑士队以92比106负于国王队。
2018年，美国：波士顿犯罪头目詹姆斯·「怀特」·巴尔杰（James "Whitey" Bulger）在西弗吉尼亚州一所联邦监狱内被发现死亡，时年89岁。他于2013年被联邦法院判定多项罪名成立，包括参与11起谋杀，判处终身监禁，事发前一天刚被转移至该监狱。
On This Day: Major World Events of October 30
On October 30, events in many parts of the world changed the course of history: a dynasty was founded in England, an empire promised a constitution in Russia, a radio drama unsettled listeners in the United States, and the Soviet Union detonated the most powerful explosion ever recorded. The entries below are arranged by year and state the facts only.
In 130, in the Roman Empire, Emperor Hadrian founded the city of Antinoopolis on the east bank of the Nile in Egypt, in memory of Antinous, who had drowned in the river. The city was built with a triumphal arch, a theatre, a hippodrome, and an encircling wall, and became a centre of the cult of Antinous.
In 1340, in Spain and Portugal, the allied armies of King Alfonso XI of Castile and King Afonso IV of Portugal defeated Sultan Abu al-Hasan of the Marinid dynasty of Morocco and Yusuf I of Granada at the Battle of Río Salado, near Tarifa. The Marinids made no further attempt to establish a power base in the Iberian Peninsula after this defeat.
In 1485, in England, Henry Tudor was crowned King Henry VII at Westminster Abbey, founding the Tudor dynasty. He had defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field earlier that year, effectively ending the Wars of the Roses.
In 1735, in America, John Adams was born in Braintree, Massachusetts Bay Colony (now Quincy, Massachusetts). He later served as the first vice president and second president of the United States and was a leading statesman of the Revolutionary era.
In 1905, in the Russian Empire, Emperor Nicholas II issued the October Manifesto, which promised civil liberties including freedom of speech, press, and assembly, promised a broad franchise, and created a legislative Duma whose members would be popularly elected and whose approval would be necessary for legislation. Issued during the Russian Revolution of 1905, the document in effect ended unlimited autocracy and ushered in an era of constitutional monarchy.
In 1938, in the United States, at 8 p.m. Eastern Time, Orson Welles and the Mercury Theatre on the Air broadcast an adaptation of H. G. Wells's novel The War of the Worlds on CBS, presented as simulated news bulletins describing a Martian landing in New Jersey and an attack on New York City. The broadcast became famous for the alarm reported among some listeners, the scale of which has been debated by later researchers.
In 1961, in the Soviet Union, the USSR detonated the Tsar Bomba thermonuclear device over Novaya Zemlya Island in the Arctic Ocean, the most powerful human-made explosion ever recorded. Designed for a yield of 100 megatons, it was reduced to about 50 megatons to lessen fallout. The flash was visible from about 1,000 kilometres (620 miles) away, and the mushroom cloud rose more than 60 kilometres (37 miles) high.
In 1974, in Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo), Muhammad Ali knocked out defending champion George Foreman in the eighth round in Kinshasa to regain the world heavyweight title, in the bout known as the Rumble in the Jungle.
In 2003, in the United States, 18-year-old LeBron James made his NBA regular-season debut for the Cleveland Cavaliers at Sacramento, scoring 25 points with nine assists, six rebounds, and four steals in a 106-92 loss to the Kings.
In 2018, in the United States, Boston crime boss James "Whitey" Bulger was found dead at a federal prison in West Virginia, aged 89, one day after being transferred there. He had been convicted in federal court in 2013 of crimes including participation in 11 murders and was serving a life sentence.
来源：GSM·美国（原文链接）
图片来源：1938年《世界大战》广播后奥森·威尔斯与记者见面（资料图）。美国公共领域，经 Wikimedia Commons。 / Orson Welles meeting reporters after the 1938 War of the Worlds broadcast (file photo). Public domain in the United States, via Wikimedia Commons.
