卢拉胜选：从擦鞋童到四度当选总统，巴西总统卢拉生平与从政经历

巴西利亚消息：巴西最高选举法院（TSE）10月25日宣布，现任总统路易斯·伊纳西奥·卢拉·达席尔瓦（Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva）在总统决选中以51.76%的得票率击败参议员弗拉维奥·博索纳罗（Flávio Bolsonaro），领先436万余票胜选，将于2027年1月1日开启第四个总统任期。两天之后的10月27日，是他81岁生日。从巴西东北部贫苦农家的擦鞋童，到四度当选总统的国家元首，卢拉的八十一年，是巴西当代史的一条主线。

【个人简介】卢拉，1945年10月27日出生于巴西伯南布哥州 Caetés，巴西劳工党（PT）创始人之一。早年为金属工人与工会领袖，曾任联邦众议员；2003年至2011年连任两届巴西总统，2023年起担任第三任总统，2026年决选胜选后将开启第四任期。现任妻子为社会学家罗桑热拉·达席尔瓦（Rosângela "Janja" da Silva），卢拉育有五名子女。

【擦鞋童与金属工人】卢拉在一个贫苦农民家庭的八个兄弟姐妹中排行第七。7岁那年，他随母亲乘卡车长途南下，到圣保罗州投奔先行南下的父亲。少年卢拉在圣保罗当过擦鞋童、街头摊贩和油漆工学徒，小学没有读完；十几岁进入工厂，成为一名金属车工。1964年，19岁的他在工厂冲压事故中失去左手小指——这只「九指」的手，后来成为他工人出身最广为人知的标记。

【工会领袖与军政府时期的抗争】1969年，卢拉进入金属工人工会理事会，1975年当选圣贝尔纳多工人工会主席。1978年至1980年，他领导圣保罗工业区（ABC 地区）一系列大罢工，1979年的罢工波及约17万名金属工人，要求提高工资、挑战军政府的工资管制，成为巴西军政府统治末期最具影响力的劳工领袖。1980年罢工期间，卢拉被军政府逮捕，关押31天。

【创立劳工党，三度落败】1980年，卢拉与工会人士、知识界人士共同创立巴西劳工党。1986年他当选联邦众议员，参与1988年巴西新宪法的制定。1989年，卢拉首次竞选总统，在决选中惜败；1994年与1998年，他又两度败于费尔南多·恩里克·卡多佐（Fernando Henrique Cardoso）。三次落败没有让他退场。

【两任总统：2003—2011】2002年，卢拉第四次参选终告胜出，2003年1月就任总统。任内他推出「家庭补助金」（Bolsa Família）等社会计划，覆盖约1400万个家庭、近5000万人，并持续提高最低工资、扩大平民信贷；巴西经济多年保持增长，数千万人摆脱贫困，外交上推动金砖国家合作与南美一体化。2006年卢拉赢得连任，2010年卸任时支持率约八成，他扶持的迪尔玛·罗塞夫（Dilma Rousseff）随后接任总统。

【牢狱与平反】2011年，卢拉确诊喉癌，接受治疗后宣布缓解。2017年，他在「洗车行动」反腐调查中被判受贿罪名成立；2018年4月，卢拉入狱，在库里蒂巴联邦警察总部服刑580天，并被取消2018年大选的参选资格。2019年11月，巴西联邦最高法院就服刑规则作出裁决后，卢拉获释。2021年，联邦最高法院撤销对卢拉的定罪，并裁定原审法官塞尔吉奥·莫罗（Sérgio Moro）审案存在偏颇，卢拉的全部政治权利得以恢复。

【回归与第四任期】2022年大选，卢拉在决选中以50.9%的得票率击败时任总统雅伊尔·博索纳罗（Jair Bolsonaro），2023年1月1日就任第三个总统任期；就职一周后，巴西利亚发生冲击国会、总统府与最高法院的骚乱，政府迅速平息事态。第三任期内，卢拉重启并扩大「家庭补助金」等社会计划，推动亚马孙雨林保护与财政改革。2026年大选首轮，弗拉维奥·博索纳罗以47.03%居首、卢拉以45.16%居次；10月25日决选，卢拉以51.76%胜选。2027年1月1日就职之日，81岁的卢拉将成为巴西历史上开启第四个总统任期的国家元首。

【个人生活】卢拉经历三段婚姻：第一任妻子1969年与他结婚、1971年病逝；第二任妻子玛丽萨·莱蒂西亚（Marisa Letícia）1974年与他结婚、2017年病逝；2022年5月，卢拉与社会学家罗桑热拉结婚。「卢拉」本是他的绰号，后来被正式加入法定姓名。

关联：巴西选举法院宣布 Lula 赢得总统决选：得票 51.76%，领先逾 436 万票

关联：巴西大选首轮爆冷：博索纳罗之子弗拉维奥意外胜出，10月25日决战卢拉

关联：巴西决选今日投票：卢拉与弗拉维奥·博索纳罗势均力敌

来源：GSM·美国

Lula Wins: From Shoeshine Boy to a Fourth Presidential Term — The Life and Political Career of Brazil's President

BRASILIA — Brazil's Superior Electoral Court (TSE) announced on October 25 that incumbent President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva had won the presidential runoff with 51.76% of the vote, defeating Senator Flávio Bolsonaro by more than 4.36 million votes. Lula will begin a fourth presidential term on January 1, 2027. Two days after the runoff, on October 27, he turns 81. From a shoeshine boy in a poor farming family in Brazil's northeast to a four-time president-elect, Lula's 81 years trace a main line of modern Brazilian history.

[Profile] Born on October 27, 1945, in Caetés, Pernambuco, Lula is a co-founder of Brazil's Workers' Party (PT). A former metalworker and union leader, he served as a federal deputy, then as president for two consecutive terms from 2003 to 2011. He returned for a third term in 2023 and, with his 2026 runoff victory, will begin a fourth. He is married to sociologist Rosângela "Janja" da Silva and has five children.

[Shoeshine boy and metalworker] Lula was the seventh of eight children in a poor farming family. At seven, he rode a truck south with his mother to São Paulo state to join his father. As a boy in São Paulo he worked as a shoeshine boy, a street vendor and a painter's apprentice, and never finished primary school. In his teens he became a metal lathe operator. In 1964, at 19, he lost the little finger of his left hand in a factory press accident — the nine-fingered hand that became the best-known mark of his working-class origins.

[Union leader under the dictatorship] Lula joined the metalworkers' union board in 1969 and was elected president of the São Bernardo union in 1975. From 1978 to 1980 he led a wave of strikes in São Paulo's ABC industrial belt — the 1979 stoppage alone involved some 170,000 metalworkers — demanding higher wages and challenging the military regime's wage controls, emerging as the most influential labor leader of the dictatorship's final years. During the 1980 strike he was arrested by the regime and held for 31 days.

[Founding the Workers' Party; three defeats] In 1980 Lula co-founded the Workers' Party with union and intellectual allies. Elected a federal deputy in 1986, he helped write Brazil's 1988 constitution. He ran for president in 1989 and lost the runoff narrowly; in 1994 and 1998 he lost twice to Fernando Henrique Cardoso. Three defeats did not end his career.

[Two terms as president, 2003–2011] On his fourth run, in 2002, Lula won, taking office in January 2003. His government launched social programs including Bolsa Família, which reached some 14 million families and nearly 50 million people, raised the minimum wage and expanded credit for the poor. Brazil grew for years, tens of millions escaped poverty, and abroad Lula championed BRICS cooperation and South American integration. Re-elected in 2006, he left office in 2010 with approval around 80%, and his chosen successor, Dilma Rousseff, won the presidency.

[Prison and exoneration] In 2011 Lula was diagnosed with throat cancer and later announced remission after treatment. In 2017 he was convicted of corruption in the Car Wash investigation. In April 2018 he began serving his sentence at the federal police headquarters in Curitiba, spending 580 days in prison, and was barred from the 2018 election. He was released in November 2019 after a Supreme Court ruling on sentencing rules. In 2021 the Supreme Federal Court annulled his convictions and ruled that the original trial judge, Sérgio Moro, had been biased, fully restoring Lula's political rights.

[Comeback and a fourth term] In the 2022 election Lula defeated incumbent Jair Bolsonaro in the runoff with 50.9% and began his third term on January 1, 2023. A week later, rioters stormed Congress, the presidential palace and the Supreme Court in Brasília; the government quickly restored order. In his third term Lula restored and expanded Bolsa Família, and pushed Amazon protection and fiscal reform. In the 2026 first round, Flávio Bolsonaro led with 47.03% to Lula's 45.16%; in the October 25 runoff, Lula won with 51.76%. When he takes office on January 1, 2027, the 81-year-old will become the first president in Brazilian history to begin a fourth term.

[Personal life] Lula has been married three times: his first wife, married in 1969, died in 1971; his second wife, Marisa Letícia, married in 1974, died in 2017; in May 2022 he married sociologist Rosângela da Silva. "Lula," originally a nickname, was formally added to his legal name.

Related: Brazil's electoral court declares Lula winner of the presidential runoff with 51.76%, a margin of over 4.36 million votes

Related: First-round upset: Flávio Bolsonaro leads, setting up the October 25 runoff against Lula

Related: Runoff day: Lula and Flávio Bolsonaro in a dead heat

Source: GSM·USA

来源：GSM·美国（原文链接）

图片来源：图片来源：巴西总统府 Palácio do Planalto（CC BY 2.0），经 Wikimedia Commons。图为卢拉官方肖像。

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