特朗普发布公告：进口风力涡轮机威胁国家安全 责成商务部与贸易代表谈判调整进口
华盛顿——特朗普总统10月22日发布公告，认定风力涡轮机及其零部件正以威胁损害美国国家安全的方式进口，责成商务部长与美国贸易代表共同与外国贸易伙伴谈判，以调整相关进口。公告依据《1962年贸易扩张法》第232条发布，白宫官网当天公布全文。
公告称，商务部长在过去90天内向总统提交了第232条调查报告。调查认定，风能是不可靠的间歇性能源，其使用使美国电网偏离更可靠的能源；风电产品存在严重的国家安全隐患，包括依赖含有网络安全漏洞的外国零部件，可能被远程控制访问风力涡轮机并造成电力中断，削弱美国电网并可能扰动关键基础设施，干扰国家空域与航空安全，其雷达干扰还可影响空中交通管制、天气预报、国土安全与国防任务。调查还认定，过去十年风力涡轮机零部件与子部件的进口持续增加，美国风能对外国生产的零部件依赖加重，而叶片等部分产品的国内制造能力没有实质增长。
公告具体列明，逆变器是风电的关键电气设备，绝大多数在美国境外生产并进口；联网逆变器、特别是境外生产进口的逆变器，存在可被利用的漏洞，攻击者可能远程控制发电并造成电力中断或破坏设施。公告还称，风力涡轮机会在地面与空中雷达上产生「杂波」，降低探测灵敏度、遮蔽真实目标并产生假目标，对气象预报、空中交通管理与军用雷达系统都有负面影响；风能的间歇性还迫使电网运营商频繁调用快速爬坡的化石燃料备用发电机，推高运营成本与维护负担。
在处置上，公告没有新设关税税率，而是责成商务部长与美国贸易代表共同推进或继续与外国贸易伙伴的谈判，以消除公告认定的国家安全威胁，并在公告发布后180天内向总统汇报谈判进展；商务部长将继续监测风力涡轮机及其零部件的进口情况。公告同时写明，总统可视谈判的进展或结果在未来考虑替代补救措施；若相关协议未能在180天内达成、未被执行或无效，总统也可采取其认为必要的其他调整进口的行动。
公告还写明，本公告不修改第9704号、第9705号公告（钢、铝）以及第10962号公告（铜）已征收的第232条关税，也不修改任何其他第232条关税；部分含有大量钢、铝或铜的风力涡轮机零部件与子部件，已受上述既有关税覆盖。
Trump Proclamation: Imported Wind Turbines Threaten National Security, Commerce and USTR Directed to Negotiate Import Adjustments
WASHINGTON — President Donald J. Trump on October 22 issued a proclamation finding that wind turbines and their parts and components are being imported into the United States in circumstances that threaten to impair U.S. national security, and directed the Secretary of Commerce and the United States Trade Representative to jointly negotiate agreements with foreign trading partners to adjust those imports. The proclamation, issued under section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, was published in full on the White House website the same day.
According to the proclamation, the Secretary of Commerce transmitted his section 232 investigation report to the President within the past 90 days. The investigation found that wind energy is an unreliable and intermittent energy source and that its use diverts the U.S. electrical grid from more reliable sources; that wind energy products pose serious national security concerns, including reliance on foreign parts containing cybersecurity vulnerabilities that could allow remote-control access to wind turbines and cause power disruption, undermine the electrical grid and potentially disrupt critical infrastructure, interfere with national airspace and air safety, and create radar interference affecting air traffic control, weather forecasting, homeland security and national defense missions. It also found that imports of wind turbine components and subcomponents have increased over the last decade, that U.S. wind energy is reliant on foreign-produced components, and that domestic manufacturing capacity for certain products, such as blades, has not meaningfully increased.
The proclamation states that inverters, a crucial piece of equipment that converts wind-generated electricity for use by the grid, are overwhelmingly produced outside the United States and imported, and that modern networked inverters — particularly those produced and imported from abroad — are an exploitable vulnerability that could allow attackers to gain remote control over power generation, risking power disruption or sabotage. It also says wind turbines create radar "clutter" that reduces detection sensitivity, obscures legitimate targets and generates false targets, with negative implications for weather forecasting, air traffic management and military radar systems, and that wind's intermittency forces grid operators to rely frequently on fast-ramping fossil-fuel backup generators, raising operational costs and maintenance burdens.
On action, the proclamation imposes no new tariff rate. It directs the Secretary and the Trade Representative to jointly pursue or continue negotiations of agreements to address the threat, and to update the President on the progress of those negotiations within 180 days of the proclamation. The Secretary is to continue monitoring imports of wind turbines and their components and subcomponents. The proclamation states that the President may consider alternative remedies in the future depending on the status or outcome of the negotiations, and may take other actions he deems necessary to adjust imports if an agreement is not entered into within 180 days, is not being carried out, or is ineffective.
The proclamation also states that it does not modify the tariffs imposed under Proclamation 9704 (aluminum), Proclamation 9705 (steel) and Proclamation 10962 (copper), or any other tariffs imposed under section 232, and notes that certain wind turbine components and subcomponents made with significant amounts of aluminum, steel or copper are already subject to those existing tariffs.
发布：GSM·美国（发布链接）
图片来源：图：Wyoming 一处风力发电设施成排的风力涡轮机（资料图）。照片：美国地质调查局（USGS），公共领域。 / A row of wind turbines at a wind facility in Wyoming (file photo). Photo: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), public domain.
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