特朗普签署行政令落实对俄制裁法：对俄关税最高500%，同时以国家利益为由豁免执行
美国总统特朗普10月16日签署第14436号行政令，落实国会今年通过的《Lindsey O. Graham 制裁俄罗斯与伊朗法》（Lindsey O. Graham Sanctioning Russia and Iran Act of 2026）。该法于9月18日签署成法，授权对源自俄罗斯的商品征收最高500%的制裁性关税，原定10月18日生效。
行政令同时援引该法第115条的总统豁免权，认定豁免符合美国国家利益，对上述关税予以豁免执行。据《联邦公报》10月21日刊登的文本（91 FR 66627），除对俄罗斯商品的关税外，该法框架还包括对购买俄罗斯石油与天然气最多的五个国家加征100%关税、对协助规避制裁最多的五个对象加征100%关税等安排，行政令授权国务院与财政部对其中绝大部分予以豁免，豁免在总统或国务卿另行决定前持续有效。
白宫此前表示，豁免是「出于美国国家利益」。该行政令全文已刊登于白宫官网总统行动专页，财政部海外资产控制办公室（OFAC）10月21日同步更新了涉俄制裁的常见问题说明。
（据白宫行政令文本及《联邦公报》）
Trump Signs Order Implementing Russia Sanctions Law: Tariffs Up to 500 Percent, Waived on National-Interest Grounds
President Donald Trump on October 16 signed Executive Order 14436 implementing the Lindsey O. Graham Sanctioning Russia and Iran Act of 2026, the sanctions law enacted this year. The Act, signed into law on September 18, authorized sanctions duties of up to 500 percent ad valorem on goods originating from Russia, which were to take effect on October 18.
The order at the same time invokes the presidential waiver authority in Section 115 of the Act, certifying that waiving the duties is in the national interest of the United States. According to the text published in the Federal Register on October 21 (91 FR 66627), the statutory framework also included 100 percent increases on the top five buyers of Russian oil and gas and the top five facilitators of sanctions evasion; the order authorizes the Secretaries of State and the Treasury to waive nearly all of it, with the waivers staying in force until the President or the Secretary of State decides otherwise.
The White House said the waiver is being issued in the national interests of the United States. The full text of the order is posted on the White House presidential actions page, and the Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control updated its Russia-related sanctions guidance on October 21.
(Based on the White House executive order text and the Federal Register)
来源：GSM·美国（原文链接）
图片来源：GSM 行政令统一模板（美国总统行政令）
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