美国特勤局发布首份职场暴力预防指南：50起袭击中78%的行凶者事前有异常行为
美国特勤局（U.S. Secret Service）下属的国家威胁评估中心（National Threat Assessment Center，NTAC）10月21日发布《预防针对性职场暴力：美国特勤局行为威胁评估与管理指南》，这是特勤局首次面向各类机构发布成体系的职场暴力预防指南，把该局用于要人警卫的行为威胁评估方法，转化为办公室、餐厅、医院、学校、工厂等普通工作场所可用的做法。
指南的第一部分复盘了2016年至2020年间发生在美国工作场所的50起大规模袭击事件，51名行凶者每一起都造成至少3人受伤或死亡。研究发现，每一起事件中的行凶者在事发前都与目标场所「相识或可被识别」——多为现任或前任员工、员工家属、顾客、客户、病人或访客；78%的行凶者在袭击前曾表现出令周围人不安的异常行为，92%的行凶者在事发前五年内经历过值得注意的生活压力事件。指南援引劳工统计局数据指出，2023年至2024年间，全美有928名劳动者死于蓄意他杀。
指南的第二部分给出八步框架，帮助机构建立「行为威胁评估与管理」（BTAM）机制：一，领导层承诺保障员工安全并给予支持；二，制定威胁评估的政策与程序；三，组建由人力、安全、管理、信息技术、法务与心理健康人员组成的多学科团队；四，建立异常行为的报告与受理渠道；五，汇集信息评估风险；六，制定风险管理策略；七，营造安全、互助的组织氛围；八，对全体员工开展培训。
国家威胁评估中心主任 Lina Alathari 在指南中写道：「职场暴力是一个重大而持续的挑战，每年在全国范围内伤害数以万计的人，波及众多机构与社区。」指南对「针对性职场暴力」的定义是：在工作场所针对特定个人、群体或地点实施的预谋暴力，不论动机，且一般与其它犯罪活动无关。国家威胁评估中心同时为机构提供免费的线上培训。
来源：GSM·美国
U.S. Secret Service Issues First Workplace Violence Prevention Guide: In 50 Attacks Studied, 78% of Attackers Acted Strangely First
The National Threat Assessment Center (NTAC) of the U.S. Secret Service published "Preventing Targeted Workplace Violence: A U.S. Secret Service Guide to Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management" on October 21, the first time the Secret Service has issued comprehensive guidance to help organizations build workplace violence prevention programs based on its behavioral threat assessment methodology, adapting methods developed for protecting national leaders to offices, restaurants, hospitals, schools and factories.
The guide's research section examines 50 mass attacks at U.S. workplaces between 2016 and 2020, in which 51 attackers each harmed three or more people. In every incident, the attacker was known or knowable to the targeted workplace beforehand — typically a current or former employee, a worker's family member, a customer, client, patient or visitor. The study found 78 percent of attackers had previously exhibited behavior that concerned others, and 92 percent had experienced noteworthy life stressors within five years of their attack. Citing Bureau of Labor Statistics data, the guide notes 928 U.S. workers died from intentional homicides between 2023 and 2024.
The guide's second part sets out an eight-step framework for building a behavioral threat assessment and management (BTAM) program: commit leadership support for employee safety; establish threat assessment policies and procedures; assemble a multidisciplinary team spanning human resources, security, management, IT, legal and mental health staff; identify and process reports of concerning behaviors; gather information to assess risk; develop risk management strategies; promote a safe and supportive organizational climate; and provide training for all employees.
"Workplace violence is a significant and persistent challenge, harming tens of thousands of people and impacting numerous organizations and communities across the nation each year," NTAC Chief Lina Alathari wrote in the guide. The guide defines targeted workplace violence as a premeditated act of violence at a workplace directed at a specific person, group or location, regardless of motivation and generally unrelated to other criminal activity. NTAC also offers free virtual training for organizations.
Source: GSM · USA
来源：GSM·美国（原文链接）
图片来源：美国特勤局人员执行调查任务（资料图）。美国特勤局官方照片，公共领域，经Wikimedia Commons。 / U.S. Secret Service personnel conducting investigations (file photo). Official U.S. Secret Service photo, public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
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