西班牙住房驱逐风波持续：「秃鹫基金」认定扩围引发争议，小房东被纳入新规
据路透社10月21日报道，87岁退休老人 Maricarmen Abascal 被逐出马德里住所两周后离世，引发西班牙社会对驱逐问题的愤怒，首相 Pedro Sanchez 把不断加深的住房危机归咎于所谓「秃鹫基金」。Sanchez 10月6日表示，他在解散议会、宣布11月29日提前大选后通过的紧急住房立法将「向秃鹫基金挺身而立」，只针对「把住房当作投机商品的人」。过去五年，西班牙租金上涨44%、房价上涨58%。
但报道指出，究竟谁是「秃鹫」在西班牙难以界定。Abascal 一案的房东并非大型私募基金，而是一家名为 Urbagestión 的小型咨询公司：由两兄弟持有、员工8人、名下只有两处房产。该公司八年前买下这套公寓后，把月租从570欧元涨到1,650欧元，高于她的月养老金。住房部长 Isabel Rodríguez 表示，Urbagestión 虽不是基金，却是「秃鹫型中小企业」。西班牙银行数据显示，包括投资基金在内的公司只占西班牙租赁市场约8%。
新规把认定门槛从持有10套以上房产降至在住房紧缺地区持有5套以上，并禁止这类持有者以低于市价70%的价格购房；持有两套以上房产的房东在2030年前被禁止驱逐租客，所有房东还将面临合同自动续期与租金冻结。据租客工会，保护脆弱租客的疫情时期法律今年3月到期后，约7万份驱逐令被重新启动；社会团体称新措施将惠及近500万人，其中包括122,683名面临驱逐风险的人。房地产分析人士则表示，市场主要掌握在小投资者手中，新规负担最终落在他们身上。（据路透社10月21日报道整理）
Spain's Eviction Fury Widens: Expanded 'Vulture Fund' Definition Draws Small Landlords Into New Housing Rules
Anger has boiled over in Spain about the death of Maricarmen Abascal two weeks after the 87-year-old pensioner was evicted from her Madrid home, and Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez had no doubt who was to blame for the mounting housing crisis, Reuters reported on October 21. Emergency housing legislation passed after he dissolved parliament and called a snap election for November 29 would 'stand up to vulture funds,' Sanchez said on October 6. With rents rising 44 percent and house prices 58 percent over five years, protesters have clamoured for a halt to speculation by so-called 'fondos buitre' (vulture funds).
But many in Spain are struggling to pin down exactly who these supposed predators are. In Abascal's case, her landlord was not a big-name private equity firm but a small consultancy called Urbagestión, owned by two brothers, with eight staff and two properties to its name, according to the Association of Spanish Registrars. After buying her apartment eight years ago, Urbagestión increased her monthly rent to 1,650 euros from 570 euros, more than her monthly pension, according to the tenants' union that represented her. 'Urbagestión may not have been a fund, but it is a vulture SME,' Housing Minister Isabel Rodríguez said. Companies including investment funds account for just 8 percent of Spain's rental market, according to the Bank of Spain.
The government's new decrees lower the threshold so that those who own five or more properties in areas deemed to have housing shortages are included, and ban them from buying property for less than 70 percent of its market value. Owners of more than two properties are banned from evicting tenants until 2030, while all landlords face automatic contract extensions and rent freezes. Orders for about 70,000 evictions were reinstated after a pandemic-era protection law expired in March, according to the Tenants Union, and social groups say the new measures protect nearly 5 million people, including 122,683 at risk of eviction. Analysts counter that the market is in the hands of small investors, who now bear the entire burden. (Compiled from Reuters, October 21)
来源：GSM·美国（原文链接）
图片来源：马德里 Basílica 街住宅楼实景。图片来源：Wikimedia Commons 文件 Bloque de viviendas de la calle Basílica, Cano Lasso.jpg，Totemkin 摄，CC BY-SA 3.0 授权
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