特朗普为豁免对俄新制裁辩护：不愿把俄罗斯推离谈判桌 财长称原有制裁一概未动
特朗普10月19日为其豁免对俄罗斯新制裁的决定辩护。他在 Truth Social 发帖写道：「我正在就俄乌战争谈判和平，不想做任何愚蠢地把俄罗斯推离谈判桌的事。」他还表示，俄罗斯对伊朗的援助少于其有能力提供的水平，他希望维持这一局面，并批评乌克兰袭击俄罗斯柴油炼油厂扰乱了国际燃料供应。
争议源于特朗普10月16日在白宫签署的行政令。该令执行他9月18日签署成法的《Lindsey O. Graham 制裁俄罗斯与伊朗法》（Graham Act）：行政令第2节列明对俄罗斯商品加征500%关税、对在10月18日后新购俄罗斯原油与天然气的前五大进口国商品加征100%关税、对协助俄罗斯规避石油制裁的前五大国家商品加征100%关税；但第4节随即援引该法第115节，以「符合美国国家利益」并已向国会提交证明为由，豁免上述全部关税及该法所列对外国个人、金融机构与国有实体的一系列制裁条款。豁免没有截止日期，将持续至总统或国务卿认定需要采取进一步行动时为止；行政令同时明确，此前行政令项下已实施的对俄制裁不受影响，美国贸易代表办公室将持续监测各国购买俄罗斯石油及规避制裁的情况并向总统报告。
财政部长 Scott Bessent 10月18日在 NBC《会见新闻界》节目中表示：「周五没有解除任何制裁。」他与国务卿卢比奥将此次豁免描述为约60天的暂停期，用于评估措施对全球经济的影响；Bessent 还表示，美国曾要求欧洲盟友对购买俄罗斯石油的中国与印度实施二级制裁但遭拒绝，欧洲今年5月还豁免了对俄罗斯柴油与航空燃料的禁运。卢比奥10月19日在乌兹别克斯坦向记者表示，与印度的贸易协议「非常接近」达成，是总统作此决定时的考量之一；印度是俄罗斯原油的前五大买家之一，若关税生效，其商品原本面临最高100%的加征税率。
豁免决定在华盛顿引发两党批评：据 Steptoe 律师事务所的制裁简报，共和党参议员 Thom Tillis、John Cornyn 等人公开表示反对，民主党众议员 Don Beyer 认为该决定与法律目的不符，并呼吁国会限制总统的豁免权。
Trump Defends Waiving New Russia Sanctions: Says He Will Not Drive Moscow From the Bargaining Table; Bessent Says No Existing Sanctions Were Lifted
President Trump on October 19 defended his decision to waive sweeping new sanctions on Russia. 'I am in the process of negotiating Peace in the war between Russia and Ukraine, and don't want to do anything that will drive, foolishly, Russia away from the bargaining table,' he wrote on Truth Social. He added that Russia was providing less assistance to Iran than it potentially could and that he wanted to preserve that situation, and he criticized Ukrainian attacks on Russian diesel refineries for disrupting international fuel supplies.
The dispute stems from an executive order Trump signed at the White House on October 16 implementing the Lindsey O. Graham Sanctioning Russia and Iran Act of 2026 (the Graham Act), which he had signed into law on September 18. Section 2 of the order sets out a 500 percent additional duty on goods from Russia, a 100 percent duty on goods from the five largest importers of Russian crude oil and natural gas that knowingly make new purchases on or after October 18, and a 100 percent duty on goods from the top five facilitators of Russian oil sanctions evasion. Section 4 then waives all of those duties — and a long list of the Act's sanctions on foreign persons, financial institutions and state-owned entities — under Section 115 of the Act, with Trump certifying to Congress that the waiver is in the national interests of the United States. The waivers have no end date and remain in effect until the President or the Secretary of State determines further action is appropriate; the order expressly leaves untouched sanctions imposed under earlier executive orders, and directs the U.S. Trade Representative to monitor purchases of Russian oil and sanctions evasion and report to the President.
Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent said on NBC's Meet the Press on October 18: 'No sanctions were lifted on Friday.' He and Secretary of State Marco Rubio described the waiver as a pause of about 60 days to assess the measures' global economic impact; Bessent said the United States had asked European allies to impose secondary sanctions on China and India over Russian oil purchases and they refused, and noted Europe had waived its embargo on Russian diesel and jet fuel in May. Speaking to reporters in Uzbekistan on October 19, Rubio said a trade deal with India was 'very close' and was one of the considerations behind the President's decision; India is among the five largest buyers of Russian crude and its goods would have faced duties of up to 100 percent had the tariffs taken effect.
The waiver drew bipartisan criticism in Washington: according to a sanctions update by the law firm Steptoe, Republican Senators including Thom Tillis and John Cornyn expressed opposition, while Democratic Representative Don Beyer argued the decision was inconsistent with the law's purpose and called on Congress to limit the President's waiver authority.
来源：GSM·美国（原文链接）
图片来源：图：华盛顿白宫南立面与南草坪喷泉（资料图），CC BY-SA 3.0，经 Wikimedia Commons。Photo: The south facade of the White House and the South Lawn fountain in Washington (file photo), CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
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