特朗普签署选举诚信行政令：联邦选民登记须提供公民身份证明文件
2025年3月25日，美国总统特朗普在首都华盛顿的白宫签署第14248号行政令《维护与保护美国选举的诚信》。行政令说，尽管美国开创了自治制度，如今却未能执行发达国家和发展中国家都在采用的基本选举保护要求；本届政府的政策是执行联邦法律、保护选举程序的诚信。行政令于3月28日刊登在《联邦公报》上。
行政令的核心是公民身份证明。行政令第2条要求选举协助委员会（EAC）在30天内采取适当行动，在其依《选民登记法》发出的全国邮寄选民登记表上要求申请人提供美国公民身份的证明文件，并由州或地方官员在表上记录所出示文件的类型、签发日期、到期日期（如有）、签发机构和唯一识别号码。可接受的证明文件包括：美国护照；标明持有人为美国公民、且符合《真实身份证法》要求的身份证件；标明持有人为美国公民的军人身份证件；以及标明持有人为美国公民、或另附公民身份证明的联邦或州政府带照片身份证件。国防部还须更新军人与海外选民使用的联邦明信片申请表，同样要求公民身份证明文件和在所投州的投票资格证明。
围绕选民资格核查，行政令要求国土安全部让州和地方官员免费使用核验公民或移民身份的系统，国务院向州和地方选举官员提供相关数据库信息，国土安全部会同政府效率部负责人复查各州公开的选民名册与联邦移民数据库是否一致，必要时可使用传票；国土安全部须在90天内，把在移民表格上表示曾登记或投票的外国人的完整信息提供给司法部长。社会安全局须向州和地方选举官员开放社会安全号码核验服务和死亡主文件等联邦数据库。各联邦选民登记机构在向公共援助项目的登记者提供联邦登记表之前，须先评估其公民身份。司法部长须优先执行禁止非公民登记和投票的法律，并与各州总检察长协调州一级的审查与起诉。
关于选票收讫期限，行政令重申联邦法律为联邦选举设定全国统一的选举日，选票必须在法定选举日投出并被收到；司法部长须采取必要行动，对在最终计票中计入选举日之后收到的缺席或邮寄选票的州执行相关法律。选举协助委员会须把向州提供资金，与该州采用全州统一、无歧视的选举日收票截止标准挂钩；依《军人与海外公民缺席投票法》投出的选票除外。
行政令还给选举协助委员会加了资金与标准两道约束：委员会须停止向不遵守联邦法律的州提供联邦资金，包括不接受和使用含公民身份证明要求的全国邮寄选民登记表的州；委员会须修订《自愿投票系统指南2.0》，规定投票系统在计票环节原则上不应使用把选票内容装进条形码或二维码的选票（为便利残障人士所必需的除外），并应提供选民可核验的纸质记录；委员会须在180天内按新标准复审并酌情重新认证投票系统，撤销依旧标准作出的全部既往认证。国土安全部与联邦紧急事务管理署在通过国土安全拨款项目向州和地方选举办公室拨款时，须重点考虑其对新版指南的合规情况。
在外国干预与选举犯罪方面，行政令要求司法部长会同财政部长优先执行禁止外国国民在美国选举中捐款或捐赠的法律，并优先执行禁止接受联邦资金的组织从事游说的法律。司法部长须与各州首席选举官员签订信息共享协议，取得涉嫌违反州和联邦选举法者的详细信息；对不愿签约或拒绝配合选举犯罪调查与起诉的州，司法部长须在该州优先执行联邦选举诚信法律，并审查是否扣留司法部向州和地方政府发放的执法等用途拨款。行政令同时要求各机构停止执行第14019号行政令——该令已于2025年1月20日被第14148号行政令撤销——并在90天内报告合规情况。（来源：白宫）
Trump Signs Election Integrity Executive Order: Documentary Proof of Citizenship Required on the Federal Registration Form
On March 25, 2025, President Donald J. Trump signed Executive Order 14248, "Preserving and Protecting the Integrity of American Elections," at the White House in Washington. The order states that, despite pioneering self-government, the United States fails to enforce basic and necessary election protections employed by modern, developed and developing nations alike, and declares it the policy of the administration to enforce federal law and protect the integrity of the election process. The order was published in the Federal Register on March 28.
Its centerpiece is documentary proof of citizenship. Section 2 directs the Election Assistance Commission, within 30 days, to take appropriate action to require documentary proof of United States citizenship in its national mail voter registration form, and to have a state or local official record on the form the type of document presented, its issuance and expiration dates, the issuing office, and any unique identification number associated with it. Acceptable proof includes a United States passport; an identification document compliant with the REAL ID Act that indicates the holder is a United States citizen; an official military identification card indicating citizenship; or a valid federal or state government-issued photo identification indicating citizenship or otherwise accompanied by proof of citizenship. The Secretary of Defense must likewise update the Federal Post Card Application used by military and overseas voters to require documentary proof of citizenship and proof of eligibility to vote in the state concerned.
To help states verify eligibility, the Secretary of Homeland Security must give state and local officials free access to systems for verifying citizenship or immigration status, the Secretary of State must make relevant database information available to state and local election officials, and the Department of Homeland Security, in coordination with the DOGE Administrator, must review each state's publicly available voter registration list against federal immigration databases, using subpoenas where necessary and authorized. Within 90 days, the Secretary of Homeland Security must provide the Attorney General complete information on all foreign nationals who have indicated on any immigration form that they have registered or voted. The Commissioner of Social Security must make the Social Security Number Verification Service, the Death Master File, and other relevant federal databases available to state and local election officials. Each federal voter registration agency must assess citizenship before providing a federal registration form to enrollees of public assistance programs, and the Attorney General must prioritize enforcement of the laws barring non-citizens from registering or voting, coordinating with state attorneys general.
On ballot receipt deadlines, the order restates that federal law establishes a uniform Election Day and that votes must be cast and received by the election date established in law. The Attorney General must take all necessary action to enforce those statutes against states that include absentee or mail-in ballots received after Election Day in the final tabulation for presidential electors and members of Congress. The Election Assistance Commission must condition funding to a state on that state's adoption of a uniform, nondiscriminatory ballot receipt deadline of Election Day for all methods of voting, excluding ballots cast under the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act.
The order adds both funding and standards conditions for the Election Assistance Commission itself. The Commission must cease providing federal funds to states that do not comply with federal law, including the requirement that states accept and use the national mail voter registration form with its documentary proof of citizenship requirement. It must amend the Voluntary Voting System Guidelines 2.0 so that voting systems should not use a ballot in which a vote is contained within a barcode or quick-response code in the counting process, except where necessary to accommodate voters with disabilities, and should provide a voter-verifiable paper record; within 180 days it must review and, if appropriate, re-certify voting systems under the new standards and rescind all previous certifications based on prior standards. In awarding Homeland Security Grant Program funding to state and local election offices, the Secretary of Homeland Security and the FEMA Administrator must heavily prioritize compliance with the updated guidelines.
On foreign interference and election crimes, the Attorney General, in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, must prioritize enforcement of the law prohibiting foreign nationals from contributing or donating in United States elections, and of the law prohibiting lobbying by organizations that have received federal funds. The Attorney General must enter into information-sharing agreements with each state's chief election official; for states unwilling to agree or refusing to cooperate in investigating and prosecuting election crimes, the Attorney General must prioritize enforcement of federal election integrity laws in those states and review the potential withholding of Justice Department grants to state and local governments. The order also directs all agencies to cease implementing Executive Order 14019, which was revoked by Executive Order 14148 on January 20, 2025, and to report their compliance within 90 days. (Source: The White House)
来源：白宫
发布：GSM·美国（发布链接）
图片来源：GSM 行政令统一模板（美国总统行政令）
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