特朗普签署《让男性远离女子体育》行政令：女子体育资格按生理性别界定
2025年2月5日，美国总统特朗普在位于华盛顿特区的白宫东厅签署第14201号行政令《让男性远离女子体育》（Keeping Men Out of Women's Sports）。签署当天是全美女子体育日，多名女运动员站在特朗普身后，其中包括前大学游泳运动员赖利·盖恩斯（Riley Gaines）。据美联社当日报道，特朗普在签署仪式上说：「有了这项行政令，针对女子体育的战争结束了。」
行政令第1条写道，近年来许多教育机构和体育协会允许男性参加女子体育，这对妇女和女童是「贬损、不公平且危险的」，剥夺了她们平等参加竞技体育并取得优异成绩的机会。行政令称，依据1972年《教育修正案》第九条（Title IX），接受联邦资金的教育机构不得剥夺妇女参加体育的平等机会。行政令宣布，美国的政策是：撤销一切剥夺妇女和女童公平竞技机会的教育项目的资金——行政令称，这类做法危及、羞辱并压制妇女和女童，还剥夺她们的隐私；美国还将出于安全、公平、尊严与真实，更广泛地反对男性以竞技方式参加女子体育。
行政令第2条规定，本令所用的定义采用2025年1月20日第14168号行政令《捍卫妇女免受性别意识形态极端主义侵害、恢复联邦政府的生理真实》的定义；该行政令将「性别」界定为个人不可改变的生理分类。本令据此按生理性别界定女子体育的参加资格。
第3条针对教育领域的女子体育。行政令要求教育部长迅速采取行动：第一，继续与司法部长协调，遵守法院对2024年4月29日第九条规则的撤销判决，并采取其他适当行动确保该规则不再生效；第二，采取一切适当行动，积极保护全女子体育机会和全女子更衣室，修订规章与政策指引，使之与国会「两性享有平等体育机会」的既有要求一致，明确写清「女子体育只保留给女性」，并按这一政策处理未决诉讼；第三，优先对教育机构提起第九条执法行动——包括由这类机构组成或受其管理的体育协会——凡是要求女生在女子组别中与男性同场竞技或对抗、或在男性面前更衣的，都在优先执法之列。行政令还要求所有行政部门和机构审查对教育项目的拨款，在适当情况下撤销不符合本令政策的项目的资金；司法部应依法向相关机构提供一切必要资源，确保迅速执法。需要说明的是，行政令全文没有点名全国大学体育协会（NCAA），其执法表述针对的是教育机构以及由教育机构组成或受其管理的体育协会。
第4条处理教育领域之外的女子体育。行政令要求总统国内政策助理在本令发布之日起60天内，召集主要体育组织和管理机构的代表，以及受到相关政策伤害的女运动员，推动公平、安全、符合女运动员最佳利益的政策；并召集各州总检察长，总结界定和保障妇女平等参赛机会的最佳做法。行政令要求国务卿撤销对一类人文体育交流项目及其他体育项目的支持与参与——即女子组别按身份而非按性别划分的项目；并在联合国等场合推动保护以性别为基础的女子组别的国际规则与规范。行政令还要求国务卿与国土安全部长审查并在必要时调整允许男性入境参加女子体育的政策，发布指引，目标是在法律允许的范围内阻止此类入境，包括依据《移民与国籍法》第212(a)(6)(C)(i)条。此外，国务卿应采取一切适当和可用的措施，促使国际奥委会修改奥运会赛事标准，确保女子体育项目的参赛资格按性别决定，而不是按性别认同或睾酮降低情况决定。
白宫新闻秘书卡罗琳·莱维特（Karoline Leavitt）当天表示，这项行政令「维护了第九条的承诺」，将要求立即采取行动，包括对拒绝提供单性别体育项目和单性别更衣室的学校与体育协会采取执法行动。行政令第5条为一般性条款，规定本令的实施应符合适用法律并以拨款可用为前提，且不创设任何可强制执行的权利。
（来源：白宫）
Trump Signs 'Keeping Men Out of Women's Sports' Executive Order Defining Women's Sports Eligibility by Sex
On February 5, 2025, President Donald Trump signed Executive Order 14201, "Keeping Men Out of Women's Sports," in the East Room of the White House in Washington, D.C. The signing fell on National Girls and Women in Sports Day, and a group of female athletes stood behind the president, among them former collegiate swimmer Riley Gaines. According to the Associated Press's report that day, Trump said at the signing ceremony: "With this executive order, the war on women's sports is over."
Section 1 of the order states that in recent years many educational institutions and athletic associations have allowed men to compete in women's sports, which it calls "demeaning, unfair, and dangerous to women and girls" and says denies women and girls the equal opportunity to participate and excel in competitive sports. The order states that under Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972, educational institutions receiving federal funds cannot deny women an equal opportunity to participate in sports. It declares that it is the policy of the United States to rescind all funds from educational programs that deprive women and girls of fair athletic opportunities — which, the order says, results in the endangerment, humiliation, and silencing of women and girls and deprives them of privacy — and, more broadly, to oppose male competitive participation in women's sports as a matter of safety, fairness, dignity, and truth.
Under Section 2, the definitions in Executive Order 14168 of January 20, 2025, "Defending Women from Gender Ideology Extremism and Restoring Biological Truth to the Federal Government," apply to this order. That earlier order defines "sex" as an individual's immutable biological classification. On that basis, the new order defines eligibility for women's sports by sex rather than by gender identity.
Section 3 addresses women's sports in education. It directs the Secretary of Education promptly to do three things. First, in coordination with the Attorney General, to continue to comply with the vacatur of the April 29, 2024 Title IX rule and take other appropriate action to ensure that regulation does not have effect. Second, to take all appropriate action to affirmatively protect all-female athletic opportunities and all-female locker rooms, to bring regulations and policy guidance into line with Congress's existing demand for "equal athletic opportunity for members of both sexes" by clearly specifying and clarifying that women's sports are reserved for women, and to resolve pending litigation consistent with this policy. Third, to prioritize Title IX enforcement actions against educational institutions — including athletic associations composed of or governed by such institutions — that deny female students an equal opportunity to participate in sports by requiring them, in the women's category, to compete with or against, or to appear unclothed before, males. The order further directs all executive departments and agencies to review grants to educational programs and, where appropriate, rescind funding to programs that fail to comply with the policy, and directs the Department of Justice to provide all necessary resources to ensure expeditious enforcement. The order does not name the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) anywhere in its text; its enforcement language is addressed to educational institutions and to athletic associations composed of or governed by such institutions.
Section 4 addresses women's sports beyond education. It directs the Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy, within 60 days, to convene representatives of major athletic organizations and governing bodies, together with female athletes harmed by such policies, to promote policies that are fair and safe and in the best interests of female athletes, and to convene State Attorneys General to identify best practices in defining and enforcing equal opportunities for women in sports. It directs the Secretary of State to rescind support for and participation in people-to-people sports exchanges and other sports programs in which the relevant female sports category is based on identity and not sex, and to promote, including at the United Nations, international rules and norms protecting a sex-based female sports category. It directs the Secretary of State and the Secretary of Homeland Security to review and adjust policies permitting admission to the United States of males seeking to participate in women's sports, and to issue guidance aimed at preventing such entry to the extent permitted by law, including under section 212(a)(6)(C)(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act. And it directs the Secretary of State to use all appropriate and available measures to see that the International Olympic Committee amends the standards governing Olympic sporting events so that eligibility for women's events is determined according to sex, not gender identity or testosterone reduction.
White House Press Secretary Karoline Leavitt said that day that the order "upholds the promise of Title IX" and would require immediate action, including enforcement actions, against schools and athletic associations that deny women single-sex sports and single-sex locker rooms. Section 5 of the order contains general provisions: it is to be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations, and it creates no enforceable right or benefit.
(Source: The White House)
来源：白宫
发布：GSM·美国（发布链接）
图片来源：GSM 行政令统一模板（美国总统行政令）
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