特朗普签署行政令：美国退出世界卫生组织并暂停资金支持
2025年1月20日，美国总统特朗普在华盛顿白宫签署第14155号行政令，宣布美国退出世界卫生组织，并撤销前任政府让美国留在该组织内的一系列文件。这是特朗普就职首日签署的一系列行政令之一。
行政令列出的退出理由包括：世界卫生组织对源于中国武汉的新冠疫情应对不当；未能推行急需的改革；未能恰当摆脱成员国不当的政治影响；以及继续向美国索取与他国不成比例的过高摊款。行政令举例称，中国人口约14亿、约为美国的3倍，向世界卫生组织缴纳的摊款却比美国少了近90%。
行政令撤销了拜登总统2021年1月20日致联合国秘书长的总统信——该信撤回了特朗普政府2020年发出的退出通知——并撤销拜登同日签署的第13987号行政令《组织和动员美国政府统一有效抗击新冠疫情并在全球卫生与安全领域发挥美国领导作用》。
执行方面，行政令指示国务卿与管理和预算办公室主任采取必要步骤，暂停今后向世界卫生组织转移美国政府的任何资金、支持或资源；各机构须召回并重新安置与世界卫生组织合作的美国政府人员与承包商；国务卿与总统国家安全事务助理须物色可信的美国与国际伙伴，接替世界卫生组织此前承担的必要职能。
行政令还指示白宫疫情防范与应对政策办公室主任审查2024年《美国全球卫生安全战略》，并在必要时予以替换；国务卿须立即将美国退出的决定通知联合国秘书长、相关保管方与世界卫生组织领导层。
世界卫生组织是联合国系统内负责国际公共卫生的专门机构，1948年成立，总部位于瑞士日内瓦，美国是其创始成员国之一。2020年，特朗普政府曾向联合国提交退出该组织的通知；拜登2021年上任首日即以总统信撤回该通知，使美国留在组织内——本次行政令撤销的正是那封撤回信。按该组织的相关安排，成员国退出通常须提前一年通知；本次行政令签署当日，美国的退出程序就此启动，后续安排取决于通知与交接的推进。
（来源：白宫）
Trump Signs Executive Order Withdrawing the United States From the World Health Organization
On January 20, 2025, President Donald Trump signed Executive Order 14155 at the White House in Washington, announcing the withdrawal of the United States from the World Health Organization (WHO) and revoking a series of documents through which the previous administration had kept the United States in the organization. It was among the series of executive orders Trump signed on his first day in office.
The order lists its reasons for the withdrawal: the organization's mishandling of the COVID-19 pandemic that arose out of Wuhan, China; its failure to adopt urgently needed reforms; its failure to demonstrate independence from the inappropriate political influence of WHO member states; and its continued demand for unfairly onerous financial payments from the United States, far out of proportion with other countries' assessed payments. By way of example, the order states that China, with a population of about 1.4 billion — three times that of the United States — contributes nearly 90 percent less to the WHO than the United States does.
The order revokes the presidential letter President Biden sent to the U.N. Secretary-General on January 20, 2021, which had retracted the Trump administration's 2020 withdrawal notification, and it revokes Executive Order 13987 of the same date, Organizing and Mobilizing the United States Government to Provide a Unified and Effective Response to Combat COVID-19 and to Provide United States Leadership on Global Health and Security.
On implementation, the order directs the Secretary of State and the Director of the Office of Management and Budget to take all appropriate measures to pause the future transfer of any United States government funds, support or resources to the WHO; agencies are to recall and reassign U.S. government personnel and contractors working with the organization; and the Secretary of State and the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs are to identify credible U.S. and international partners to assume the necessary activities previously undertaken by the WHO.
The order also directs the Director of the White House Office of Pandemic Preparedness and Response Policy to review, and replace if necessary, the 2024 United States Global Health Security Strategy, and directs the Secretary of State to immediately inform the U.N. Secretary-General, the relevant depositary and WHO leadership of the U.S. withdrawal.
The World Health Organization is the United Nations system's specialized agency for international public health, founded in 1948 and headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland; the United States is one of its founding members. In 2020, the Trump administration submitted notice of a U.S. withdrawal from the organization; on his first day in office in 2021, President Biden retracted that notice by presidential letter, keeping the United States in the organization — and it is that retraction letter that this order revokes. Under the organization's arrangements, a member state's withdrawal ordinarily requires one year's notice; with the signing of this order on January 20, the U.S. withdrawal process began, with the steps that followed to depend on the notification and handover.
(Source: The White House)
来源：白宫
发布：GSM·美国（发布链接）
图片来源：GSM 行政令统一模板（美国总统行政令）
GSM Global · 本篇英文版 English edition of this story
