拜登称《平等权利修正案》已是宪法第28条修正案：国家档案馆称无法认证
美国总统拜登2025年1月17日发表声明，称《平等权利修正案》（Equal Rights Amendment，ERA）已经满足全部程序要求，成为美国宪法第28条修正案。这是他在卸任前三天就这项争议逾半个世纪的修宪议题作出的最终表态。
拜登在声明中说，他支持该修正案已超过50年；2020年1月27日，Virginia 成为第38个批准该修正案的州，达到宪法第五条要求的四分之三多数；美国律师协会（ABA）已认定该修正案扫清了正式加入宪法的全部障碍。拜登说：「我认同美国律师协会与多位宪法学者的判断：《平等权利修正案》已经成为我们宪法的一部分。」他并表示：「第28条修正案是现行有效的法律，保障所有美国人不分性别在法律下享有平等的权利与保护。」该修正案的条文是：法律下的权利平等，不得因性别而被美国或任何州否认或剥夺。
这项声明并不产生实际法律效力。ERA 由国会于1972年送交各州批准时附有期限，期限已于1982年届满——这正是其效力争议的焦点。负责认证与公布宪法修正案的美国国家档案馆馆长 Colleen Shogan 已于2024年12月表示，基于既有的法律、司法与程序裁定，档案馆无法认证该修正案；白宫同日亦确认，拜登不会命令档案馆予以认证公布。法律专家指出，宪法第五条的修宪程序并未给总统任何角色。
（来源：白宫）
Biden Declares Equal Rights Amendment the 28th Amendment as National Archives Says It Cannot Certify It
President Joe Biden issued a statement on January 17, 2025, declaring that the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) has met all requirements to become the 28th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The statement, delivered three days before he left office, was his final word on a constitutional question disputed for more than half a century.
Biden said he had supported the amendment for more than 50 years; that on January 27, 2020, Virginia became the 38th state to ratify it, reaching the three-fourths threshold required by Article V; and that the American Bar Association has recognized that the ERA has cleared all necessary hurdles to be formally added to the Constitution. "I agree with the ABA and with leading legal constitutional scholars that the Equal Rights Amendment has become part of our Constitution," he said. "The 28th amendment is the law of the land, guaranteeing all Americans equal rights and protections under the law regardless of their sex." The amendment's text provides that equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex.
The statement carries no practical legal effect. When Congress sent the ERA to the states in 1972 it attached a ratification deadline, which expired in 1982 — the crux of the dispute over its validity. Colleen Shogan, the Archivist of the United States, who is charged with certifying and publishing amendments, said in December 2024 that, based on established legal, judicial, and procedural decisions, the Archives cannot certify the ERA; the White House confirmed the same day that Biden would not direct the Archivist to certify and publish it. Legal experts note that Article V assigns the president no role in the amendment process.
(Source: The White House)
来源：白宫
发布：GSM·美国（发布链接）
图片来源：图：位于华盛顿的美国国家档案馆大楼。（CC BY-SA 3.0，经 Wikimedia Commons） / Photo: The U.S. National Archives Building in Washington. (CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons)
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