渔具浮标线由两条减为一条：NOAA西海岸新规减少鲸鱼缠绕，2027年起渔具须带标记
美国国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）渔业局西海岸区域办公室2026年11月5日宣布，已敲定一项针对西海岸底层渔业的新规：商业渔船今后在海底布设成串渔具时，只需用一条线连接水面浮标，而不再是原先的两条，目的是减少垂在水中的竖线数量、降低鲸鱼等海洋生物被渔具缠绕的风险。
这一调整由太平洋渔业管理委员会（Pacific Fishery Management Council）提出。按旧规，每串渔具两端各要一条浮标线；新规允许在条件合适时只保留一条。NOAA渔业局表示，竖线正是西海岸鲸鱼缠绕事故的主要来源，减少竖线就能直接减少缠绕机会。
新规同时给渔具加上可追溯的标记要求：自2027年1月11日起，也就是规定公布90天后，连接水面浮标与海底渔具的线，其最上面120英尺须按颜色编码标记；使用底延绳钓和罐笼渔具的渔船也须从同日起给浮标做标记，写明渔具类别与船只身份。此外，连接各条竖线的浮标间横线长度不得超过10英寻（60英尺），以免多余的线在水中形成缠绕风险。NOAA渔业局指出，120英尺约占每组渔具竖线总长的5%，但多数缠绕事故涉及的正是浮标以下60英尺以内的线段，标记后救援人员能更快查明缠绕渔具的来源。
渔民对省时省钱的效果感受最直接。俄勒冈州 Newport 的渔民 Poggy Lapham 是渔船 Michele Ann 的船主兼船长，他说只用一条线能省下约20%的水上作业时间，每组渔具还能省下近1,500美元的线钱。一组布在600英寻（半英里多）深海底的渔具，起收一次要90分钟以上；竖线减半后，渔船一天能收更多组渔具，渔具泡在水里的时间也随之缩短。Lapham 过去一年参加了西海岸减缠绕工作组，参与了这项规则的制定。他说，把新做法设为可选项、而非立即强制，能让船队按自己的节奏调整。
西海岸大型鲸类缠绕自约2014年起明显增多。NOAA渔业局解释，当年被称为「The Blob」的海洋热浪推高了西海岸海温，更多鲸鱼追逐猎物进入近岸水域，与渔船布设罐笼渔具的海域重叠，座头鲸尤其容易中招。
NOAA渔业局今年初就拟议规则征求公众意见，收到的约20条意见大多表示支持，也有意见认为渔具标记的要求应更严格，以便缠绕事故发生后更准确地识别渔具来源。
NOAA Rule Lets West Coast Fishing Crews Use One Buoy Line Instead of Two to Cut Whale Entanglements
The West Coast Region of NOAA Fisheries announced on November 5, 2026, that it has finalized a new rule for the groundfish fishery: commercial fishing vessels may now deploy strings of gear on the sea floor with just one line to a buoy at the surface, instead of the two buoy lines previously required, in order to reduce the number of vertical lines in the water and lower the risk of whales and other marine life becoming entangled.
The change was sought by the Pacific Fishery Management Council. Under the old rule, each string of gear needed a buoy line at each end; the new rule allows crews to keep only one line when conditions allow. NOAA Fisheries said vertical lines are a leading source of whale entanglements along the West Coast, so fewer lines in the water means fewer chances for an entanglement.
The rule also adds traceability requirements for fishing gear. Starting January 11, 2027, 90 days after the rule is published, the first 120 feet of line connecting surface buoys to gear on the sea floor must carry color-coded marking, and vessels using bottom longline and pot gear must mark their buoys with gear-specific and vessel identification. The line linking surface buoys between vertical lines will also be limited to 10 fathoms, or 60 feet, to keep excess line from posing an entanglement risk. NOAA Fisheries noted that 120 feet is only about 5 percent of the vertical line in a typical gear set, but most entanglements involve 60 feet or less of line below the buoy, so marking should help responders identify the source of gear involved in entanglements.
Fishermen see the savings in time and money most directly. Poggy Lapham, an Oregon fisherman who captains and owns the F/V Michele Ann out of Newport, said the option to use one line instead of two would save him up to 20 percent of his time on the water and close to $1,500 in line for each set of gear. A full set of gear fished at 600 fathoms, more than a half-mile deep, can take 90 minutes or more to retrieve; with one buoy line, crews can haul more sets per day, which also shortens the time gear spends in the water. Lapham helped develop the rule as a member of the West Coast Take Reduction Team. He said making the change optional lets the fleet adjust at its own pace.
Large whale entanglements off the West Coast have increased since about 2014. NOAA Fisheries said a marine heatwave known as The Blob warmed ocean temperatures and brought more whales in search of prey into the same coastal waters where commercial fisheries set pots and traps on the seafloor, with humpback whales particularly affected.
NOAA Fisheries sought public comment on the proposed change early this year. Most of the roughly 20 comments received were positive, though some said the gear-marking rules should be stronger to ensure that gear involved in entanglements can be identified.
来源：美国国家海洋和大气管理局
发布：GSM·美国（发布链接）
图片来源：图：2026年7月，俄勒冈州外海，受过训练并获授权的救援队放出浮标，为一条被渔线和渔具缠绕的鲸鱼减速。照片由 Oregon Coast Aquarium、Oregon State University 与 Cascadia Research Collective 提供，美国国家海洋和大气管理局渔业局发布（许可号 MMPA/ESA Permit #24359）。 / Photo: A trained and authorized response team deploys buoys to slow a whale entangled in fishing lines and gear off Oregon in July 2026. Photo courtesy of Oregon Coast Aquarium, Oregon State University, and Cascadia Research Collective, released by NOAA Fisheries (MMPA/ESA Permit #24359).
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