巴拉圭数字银行ueno被央行解散、约300万客户账户冻结：35名议员提交弹劾总统佩尼亚的条款
11月4日，巴拉圭反对派35名众议员向众议院提交弹劾总统 Santiago Peña 的条款，并要求众议院领导层于11月5日召开特别会议辩论总统的去留。这场政治危机的源头，是数字银行 ueno 本周被中央银行解散、约300万客户无法使用自己的账户——巴拉圭全国人口约650万。
巴拉圭中央银行董事会11月2日一致决定对 ueno 启动解散处置程序，并于11月3日凌晨对外宣布：该行的偿付能力比率已跌至法定最低要求的一半以下。处置启动后，ueno 的手机应用、银行卡与转账服务全部停摆。ueno 由一家小众金融科技公司迅速成长为巴拉圭最大的数字银行、第五大私人银行，客户约300万，并管理着约8.5亿美元公共资金，其中约3.8亿美元来自国家社会保障机构（IPS）的养老金资金。
按巴拉圭法律，存款担保基金为每位储户提供最高2.283亿瓜拉尼（约合3.86万美元，相当于75倍月最低工资）的保障，须在15天内、即11月17日前赔付，期限可延长一次；中央银行初步估计，约97%的储户可获得全额覆盖。
危机的连锁反应接连出现：中央银行行长 Carlos Carvallo 于11月3日辞职，他本人早年曾执掌 ueno；检方同日对 ueno 的8名高管与商人发出逮捕令，其中包括首席执行官 Federico Miguel Vázquez 与行长 Juan Manuel Gustale，涉案人随后自首，法院下令冻结相关资产。监管记录显示，ueno 在2025年9月至2026年5月间，向三家与控股股东 Grupo Vázquez 关联的公司发放了约1.46亿美元贷款与信贷额度。
反对派指控 Peña 存在利益冲突、滥用养老金资金与机构性掩盖。Peña 在2025年3月之前一直是 Grupo Vázquez 的股东，该集团正是 ueno 的控股方。反对派众议员 Rocío Vallejo 在国会发言时说：「巴拉圭共和国从未有人在一天之内伤害300万人，而您做到了，总统先生。」Peña 尚未就弹劾动议公开表态；他11月4日在社交平台发文，呼吁政治领导人优先保障储户利益，并称违规者将「无一例外」受到司法追究。
反对派目前尚未掌握推进弹劾所需的众议院三分之二多数，但已获得执政党科罗拉多党数名异议成员的支持。11月4日，巴拉圭多家银行的应用一度出现故障，巴拉圭银行协会（Asoban）表示，各行正承接从 ueno 大量转移账户的客户，并称银行体系「继续正常运转」。ueno 方面未就此事公开置评。
Paraguay's Ueno Bank Dissolved by Central Bank, Leaving Some 3 Million Customers Locked Out: 35 Lawmakers File Impeachment Articles Against President Pena
On November 4, 35 opposition lawmakers in Paraguay filed impeachment articles against President Santiago Pena in the 80-seat Chamber of Deputies and asked congressional leaders to convene an extraordinary session on November 5 to debate the president's future. The political crisis was triggered by the collapse this week of the digital bank ueno, dissolved by the central bank, which left some 3 million customers unable to access their accounts in a country of about 6.5 million people.
The board of the Central Bank of Paraguay voted unanimously on November 2 to place ueno into resolution and announced in the early hours of November 3 that the bank's solvency ratio had fallen to less than half the legally required minimum. Once the procedure began, ueno's app, cards and transfer services all went offline. Ueno grew quickly from a niche fintech player into Paraguay's largest digital bank and fifth-largest private lender, with about 3 million customers, and administered close to $850 million in public funds, including about $380 million invested by the state social security institute (IPS).
Under Paraguayan law, the deposit guarantee fund covers up to 228.3 million guaranies per depositor (about $38,600, equal to 75 monthly minimum wages), payable within 15 days, by November 17, extendable once; the central bank's preliminary estimate is that about 97 percent of depositors are fully covered.
The fallout widened quickly. Central bank president Carlos Carvallo, who once ran ueno himself, resigned on November 3. Prosecutors the same day issued arrest warrants for eight ueno executives and businessmen, including chief executive Federico Miguel Vazquez and bank president Juan Manuel Gustale; the men later turned themselves in and courts froze assets connected to the group. Supervisors documented that between September 2025 and May 2026 ueno disbursed about $146 million in loans and credit facilities to three companies treated as related parties of Grupo Vazquez, the bank's controlling shareholder.
Opposition lawmakers accuse Pena of conflicts of interest, misuse of pension funds and institutional cover-ups. Pena was a shareholder until March 2025 in Grupo Vazquez, which controls ueno. 'Never before has anyone harmed 3 million people in a single day in the Republic of Paraguay, and you achieved it, Mr. President,' opposition lawmaker Rocio Vallejo told a congressional session. Pena has not publicly addressed the impeachment push; in a social media post on November 4 he urged political leaders to prioritize depositors' interests and said those responsible for irregularities would face justice 'without exceptions.'
The opposition remains short of the two-thirds majority needed to advance impeachment, but has secured backing from several dissident members of the ruling Colorado Party. Several other banking apps in Paraguay experienced outages on November 4; the Association of Banks of Paraguay (Asoban) said lenders were absorbing a surge of customers shifting accounts from ueno and that the banking system 'continues to operate normally.' Ueno has made no public statement.
来源：路透社
发布：GSM·美国（发布链接）
图片来源：图：巴拉圭中央银行大楼（位于亚松森）。CC BY-SA 4.0，经 Wikimedia Commons。 / Photo: The Central Bank of Paraguay headquarters in Asunción. CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
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