全美住房公投盘点：佛州通过修宪 宅地税免税额2028年升至25万美元 伯克利等地上限租金过关
塔拉哈西 — 11月3日中期选举中，全美多州、多市的住房议题公投结果陆续明朗。最受瞩目的一项在佛罗里达州：选民以约62%的赞成票通过第3号修宪案，把自住房屋（宅地）可享的非学校房产税免税额大幅提高，直接减轻自住屋主的房产税负担。
佛州第3号修宪案的非官方计票结果为赞成约491.9万票、占61.98%，越过修宪所需的60%门槛。按通过的文本，非学校房产税的宅地免税额2027年先升至15万美元，2028年再升至25万美元，2029年起随通胀调整；非自住物业的年度评估涨幅上限则由10%降至5%。修宪案2027年1月1日生效。作为对照，现行非学校税部分的宅地免税额只有2.5万美元。
租金管制类措施在加州湾区多点过关。伯克利市 Measure X 获得通过（预计赞成约69%），把租金年涨幅上限设为10%，并收紧租金管制的豁免规则、堵住累积涨幅一次性补涨的做法；洛杉矶县的卡达希市（Cudahy）一项加强租金稳定条例的措施也获通过，上调现行3%的年涨幅上限今后须经选民批准。圣帕布洛市 Measure S 通过，租金年涨幅上限取3%与消费者价格指数涨幅六成中的较低者。但管制并非全线推进：红木城设立租金管制的 Measure E 被选民否决，萨利纳斯市废除现有租管条例的 Measure H 同样被否决。
其他州的住房融资类措施多获通过：夏威夷州 Question 2 通过，授权各县发行住房基础设施债券；罗德岛州1.2亿美元保障性住房债券通过；明尼苏达州圣保罗市的租客维修权倡议通过，租客在书面通知房东14天后可自行维修并从租金中抵扣；俄亥俄州阿克伦市两项租客保护措施通过。圣莫尼卡市 Measure RR 等少数措施仍在计票中。
综合本届结果，选民对住房负担的回应以「减税＋增资」为主轴：佛州以修宪大幅让利于自住屋主，多州以债券为保障房筹资；租金管制在湾区多点落地，但红木城等地的否决也显示各地选民取向并不一致。
（来源：全国公寓协会）
资料引用：佛罗里达州选举部门、Ballotpedia
Housing on the Ballot Nationwide: Florida Voters Approve Raising the Homestead Exemption to $250,000; Rent Caps Pass in Berkeley and Other Cities
TALLAHASSEE — Housing measures on the November 3 midterm ballot produced results across the United States, led by Florida, where voters approved Amendment 3 with about 62 percent in favor, sharply raising the homestead property-tax exemption for owner-occupants.
Unofficial returns put the yes vote at about 4,918,979 ballots, or 61.98 percent, clearing the 60 percent threshold required for a constitutional amendment. Under the approved text, the homestead exemption for non-school property taxes rises to $150,000 in 2027 and $250,000 in 2028, with inflation adjustments from 2029, while the annual assessment cap on non-homestead property tightens from 10 percent to 5 percent. The amendment takes effect on January 1, 2027. For comparison, the current non-school portion of the exemption is just $25,000.
Rent-regulation measures advanced at several Bay Area ballots in California. Berkeley's Measure X passed, with about 69 percent voting yes, capping annual rent increases at 10 percent, tightening exemptions under the city's rent ordinance and curbing deferred "banked" increases. In Cudahy, in Los Angeles County, voters approved a measure strengthening the city's rent stabilization ordinance, under which raising the current 3 percent annual cap will require voter approval. San Pablo's Measure S passed, capping annual increases at the lesser of 3 percent or 60 percent of inflation. But the trend was not one-directional: Redwood City's Measure E, which would have created local rent control, was rejected, as was Salinas's Measure H, which would have repealed that city's rent ordinances.
Housing-finance measures passed elsewhere: Hawaii's Question 2 authorizes counties to issue housing infrastructure bonds; Rhode Island voters approved a $120 million affordable-housing bond; a tenant right-to-repair initiative passed in St. Paul, Minnesota, letting tenants make certain repairs after 14 days' written notice and deduct the cost from rent; and two tenant-protection measures passed in Akron, Ohio. A few measures, including Santa Monica's Measure RR, remained pending.
Taken together, voters answered housing costs mainly with tax relief and new funding: Florida used a constitutional amendment to deliver one of the largest homestead tax breaks in years, several states turned to bonds for affordable housing, and rent caps gained ground in parts of the Bay Area even as voters elsewhere declined to adopt them.
(Source: National Apartment Association)
Reference: Florida Division of Elections, Ballotpedia
来源：全国公寓协会
发布：GSM·美国（发布链接）
图片来源：佛罗里达州议会大厦（新旧两栋），位于州府 Tallahassee。图：F McGady，CC BY 4.0，经 Wikimedia Commons。
GSM Global · 本篇英文版 English edition of this story
