巴西参议院通过卢拉公共安全修宪案：两轮表决均无反对票
巴西参议院11月3日通过总统卢拉政府提出的公共安全宪法修正案：第一轮表决73票赞成、第二轮75票赞成，均无参议员投反对票，远超通过所需的49票。该修正案由政府于2025年4月提交国会，众议院已于今年3月通过。卢拉自10月25日决选胜出连任以来，这是其政府在国会的首场重大胜利。
修正案加重对犯罪集团、准军事组织与民兵组织头目及成员的刑罚，包括强制关押于最高戒备监狱、限制假释与没收资产，并将全国统一公共安全系统（SUSP）写入宪法，明确联邦、州与市三级政府的信息共享与协调机制。修正案也为卢拉承诺设立的联邦公共安全部铺平道路，文本预计本周内正式颁布。
争议最大的降低刑事责任年龄条款被分拆处理：参议员以38票对36票决定将其另案审议。反对党自由党主张一般年龄降至16岁、严重罪行降至14岁；执政的劳工党则反提案仅对恶性罪行降至16岁。
Brazil's Senate Passes Lula's Public Security Amendment With No Votes Against
Brazil's Senate approved President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's public security constitutional amendment on November 3, with 73 votes in favour in the first round and 75 in the second, and no senator voting against; the measure needed 49 votes to pass. The government sent the amendment to Congress in April 2025 and the Chamber of Deputies approved it in March 2026. The vote is the first major win in Congress for Lula since he won re-election in the October 25 runoff.
The amendment sets tougher penalties for leaders and members of criminal factions, paramilitary groups and militias, including mandatory imprisonment in maximum-security prisons, curbs on parole and asset seizures. It writes the Unified Public Security System (SUSP) into the constitution, setting out how the federal government, states and municipalities share information and coordinate, and it paves the way for the federal public security ministry Lula has promised to create; the text is expected to be promulgated later this week.
The most contested point, lowering the age of criminal responsibility from 18, was split off by a 38-to-36 vote and will be handled as a separate constitutional proposal. The opposition Liberal Party proposed 16 as the general age and 14 for serious crimes, while the governing Workers' Party counterproposed 16 only for heinous crimes.
来源：巴西联邦参议院
发布：GSM·美国（发布链接）
图片来源：图：巴西利亚国会大厦。Cayambe 摄，Wikimedia Commons，CC BY-SA 3.0。 / Photo: The National Congress buildings in Brasília. Photo by Cayambe, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0.
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