NHTSA冬季驾驶安全提示：降雪季前检查轮胎与电瓶，车里备齐应急包
美国国家公路交通安全管理局（NHTSA）发布冬季驾驶安全提示：降雪、雨夹雪和结冰都会让路面变得极其危险，驾驶人应在冬季天气到来之前检查车辆状况、备齐应急物品，行车时放慢速度并加大跟车距离，为全家人的冬季出行提前做准备。
NHTSA指出，在湿滑或积雪路面上，车辆更难操控和制动，因此首要原则是慢行，并与前车保持足够距离，预留充足的停车时间。其次，不要紧贴除雪车行驶，也不要长时间与除雪车并行：除雪车速度慢、转弯幅度大、经常停车并跨线作业，跟车时应保持远距离，通过时格外小心。
如果车辆在冬季天气中抛锚或熄火，应留在车旁、不要过度消耗体力；在天线或车窗上系鲜艳的标记物、打开车内顶灯，让自己容易被发现；同时务必确认排气管没有被积雪堵住，以防一氧化碳中毒，只间歇性地启动车辆取暖，不要在车窗紧闭或封闭空间内长时间运转发动机。
出发前的检查清单包括：轮胎——气温下降时胎压也会下降，应按车辆说明书和驾驶席门框标签上的厂家推荐气压充气，不要按轮胎侧壁标注的最大气压充气；电瓶——燃油车在低温下启动需要更多电量，电动车和混动车在电瓶温度低时续航会缩短，应请技师检查电瓶、充电系统和皮带；车灯——检查大灯、刹车灯、转向灯和双闪；冷却系统——确认冷却液足量且符合厂家规格；雨刮——使用含除冰剂的冬季玻璃水并及时更换磨损的雨刮片。车内建议常备：雪铲、扫帚、刮雪板、沙子或猫砂（打滑脱困用）、搭电线、手电筒和警示装置、保暖毯，以及手机充电器、饮水、食物和常用药。
NHTSA Winter Driving Tips: Check Tires and Battery, and Stock an Emergency Kit Before the Snow Season
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has issued its winter driving safety guidance: snow, sleet and ice can make roads extremely dangerous, and drivers should prepare themselves and their vehicles before wintry weather arrives, slow down, and leave extra following distance once it does.
According to NHTSA, it is harder to control or stop a vehicle on a slick or snow-covered surface, so drivers should slow down and leave plenty of room to stop for vehicles ahead. Drivers should also avoid crowding snowplows or traveling beside them: plows move slowly, make wide turns, stop often, overlap lanes and exit the road frequently, so anyone behind a plow should stay well back and use caution when passing.
If a driver is stopped or stalled in wintry weather, NHTSA advises staying with the vehicle and not overexerting yourself. Make the vehicle visible by putting bright markers on the antenna or windows and keeping the interior dome light on. Be mindful of carbon monoxide poisoning: make sure the exhaust pipe is clear of snow, and run the vehicle only sporadically, just long enough to stay warm, never for long periods with the windows up or in an enclosed space.
Before the season, NHTSA's vehicle checklist covers tires, since tire inflation pressure drops as the temperature falls: fill each tire to the vehicle manufacturer's recommended pressure, found in the owner's manual and on the driver's side door frame label, not the maximum pressure printed on the tire itself. Batteries also lose power in the cold, and electric and hybrid vehicles lose range, so have a mechanic check the battery, charging system and belts. Check all lights, make sure the coolant meets the manufacturer's specifications, and fill the washer reservoir with winter fluid with de-icer. Finally, stock the vehicle with a snow shovel, broom and ice scraper; abrasive material such as sand or kitty litter; jumper cables, a flashlight and warning devices; blankets; and, for longer trips, a charged cell phone, water, food and any necessary medicine.
来源：GSM·美国（原文链接）
图片来源：图：北达科他州交通厅的双向除雪车在公路作业（北达科他州交通厅，公共领域） / Photo: A North Dakota DOT bidirectional tow plow clearing a highway (North Dakota DOT, public domain)
