美国最高法院暂缓下级法院命令：新罕布什尔州中期选举可全面执行学生证投票禁令

华盛顿——美国最高法院10月22日批准新罕布什尔州的紧急申请，暂缓联邦地区法院的一项命令，使该州可以在11月3日中期选举中全面执行禁止选民使用学生证证明身份的规定，包括不得把学生证作为补强证据使用。这项命令只决定中期选举期间适用的规则，并非对案件的最终判决，相关诉讼仍在下级法院继续。

新罕布什尔州今年通过 HB 323 法案，由州长 Kelly Ayotte 签署、6月2日起生效，把高中与大学的学生证从投票时自动认可的身份证件名单中删除。州务卿 David Scanlan 随后发布指引称，即使选民没有名单内的证件、按州法的「安全阀」程序以其他证据证明身份，选举工作人员也不得把学生证作为考量因素之一。选民权利组织 Coalition for Open Democracy 就此提起诉讼，同时挑战该法与州务卿的指引。

联邦地区法官 Joseph Laplante 拒绝叫停 HB 323 本身，但在10月2日的命令中叫停了州务卿的指引，要求州务卿修改面向公众的说明，明确学生证在「安全阀」程序下仍可被考量。联邦第一巡回上诉法院10月14日拒绝暂缓地区法院的命令。新罕布什尔州10月15日向最高法院提出紧急暂缓申请，共和党全国委员会提交法庭之友书状支持州方。

最高法院周四在一份未署名的命令中援引 Purcell 原则。据 Bloomberg Law 报道，命令写道：「本院一再强调，联邦下级法院通常不应在选举前夕改变选举规则。」「在本案中，地区法院没有指出任何足以背离这一原则的理由。」据 The Hill 报道，命令还以 Missouri 州选区重划争议近期的反复为例。州务卿 David Scanlan 在申请中称，10月2日的命令破坏了数月来的选民教育工作，在选前重新教育地方官员与公众「实际上不可能，并有造成选民困惑与法律适用不一致、乃至剥夺选民投票权的风险」。Coalition for Open Democracy 则称，暂缓「保护不了任何人」，会把按州务卿网站此前说法带着证据前来投票的选民挡在门外。

大法官 Ketanji Brown Jackson 公开提出异议。据 CNN 报道，法院没有公布票数，Jackson 是唯一公开异议的大法官；据 The Hill 报道，Jackson 在异议中写道：「当联邦法院认定有人就一州的选举规则作出重大不实陈述时，禁止这种行为的禁令不会造成公众困惑，恰恰是防止了这一问题。」她还表示，地区法院的禁令只是要求州务卿使其指引符合新法的要求。

新罕布什尔州选民11月3日将投票选出接替退休参议员 Jeanne Shaheen 的联邦参议员，民主党众议员 Chris Pappas 对阵共和党前参议员 John Sununu。据 CNN 报道，其民调显示民主党在年轻选民中领先共和党31个百分点。本案在中期选举之后仍可能回到最高法院。

关联：CNN参议院翻盘榜单：新罕布什尔州降至第9，Pappas民调占优，Sununu新广告与特朗普保持距离

Supreme Court Stays Lower-Court Order: New Hampshire May Fully Enforce Student ID Voting Ban for the Midterms

WASHINGTON — The U.S. Supreme Court on October 22 granted New Hampshire's emergency application and stayed a federal district court's order, allowing the state to fully enforce its ban on voters using student IDs to prove their identity in the November 3 midterm elections, including barring student IDs as backup evidence. The order decides only which rules apply during the midterms; it is not a final ruling on the case, and the litigation continues in the lower courts.

New Hampshire this year enacted House Bill 323, signed by Governor Kelly Ayotte and in effect since June 2, which removed high school, college and university IDs from the list of identification documents automatically accepted at polling places. Secretary of State David Scanlan then issued guidance saying that even when a voter lacks a listed ID and tries to prove identity through other evidence under the state's "safety valve" procedure, election officials may not consider a student ID as one factor. The voting-rights group Coalition for Open Democracy sued, challenging both the law and the secretary's guidance.

U.S. District Judge Joseph Laplante declined to block HB 323 itself, but in an October 2 order he blocked the secretary's guidance and directed the secretary to revise his public instructions to say student IDs may be considered under the safety-valve procedure. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit refused to stay the district court's order on October 14. New Hampshire filed its emergency stay application with the Supreme Court on October 15, and the Republican National Committee filed an amicus brief supporting the state.

In an unsigned order on Thursday, the Supreme Court invoked the Purcell principle. According to Bloomberg Law, the order said: "This court has repeatedly emphasized that lower federal courts should ordinarily not alter the election rules on the eve of an election." "Here, the district court did not point to anything that would justify deviating from that principle." According to The Hill, the order also pointed to the recent legal whiplash over Missouri's redistricting as an example. In his application, Secretary of State David Scanlan said the October 2 order undermined months of work educating local officials and the public, and that re-educating them at this stage "is practically impossible and risks voter confusion and inconsistent application of law, if not voter disenfranchisement." The Coalition for Open Democracy argued that a stay "would protect no one" and "would turn away the voters who arrive on November 3 with the evidence the secretary's website told them to bring."

Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson publicly dissented. According to CNN, the court did not provide a vote count, and Jackson was the only justice to publicly dissent. According to The Hill, Jackson wrote: "When a federal court determines that material misrepresentations are being made about a State's election rules, an injunction to prohibit that conduct does not contribute to public confusion, it prevents that very problem." She also said the district court's injunction was reasonably designed to require the secretary to conform his guidance to the new statute.

On November 3, New Hampshire voters will choose a successor to retiring Senator Jeanne Shaheen, with Democratic Representative Chris Pappas facing former Republican Senator John Sununu. According to CNN, its polling shows Democrats with a 31-percentage-point advantage over Republicans among younger adults. The case could return to the Supreme Court after the midterms.

Related: CNN Senate Flip Rankings: New Hampshire Drops to No. 9 as Pappas Holds a Polling Edge and Sununu Distances Himself From Trump

来源：GSM·美国（原文链接）

图片来源：图：位于华盛顿的美国最高法院大楼入口（资料图）。照片：Ken Lund，CC BY-SA 2.0，经 Wikimedia Commons。 / The entrance to the U.S. Supreme Court building in Washington, D.C. (file photo). Photo: Ken Lund, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

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