特朗普签两项232条款公告：部分先进芯片加征25%关税，关键矿产先谈判
2026年1月14日，美国总统特朗普在华盛顿签署两项依据《1962年贸易扩展法》第232条的公告：一项针对半导体进口，对一小类先进计算芯片立即加征25%关税；一项针对加工关键矿产及其衍生产品，先由商务部与贸易代表与贸易伙伴谈判，不立即加税。
半导体公告（第11002号）依据商务部2025年12月22日提交的调查报告。报告认定半导体进口威胁美国国家安全，并建议两阶段处置：第一阶段继续与外国司法管辖区进行贸易谈判，同时对公告附件所列、且不用于支持美国科技供应链建设的特定先进计算芯片征收25%从价关税，自2026年1月15日凌晨0时01分（美东时间）起生效；第二阶段在谈判结束后可能出台范围更广的半导体关税。用于美国数据中心、在美维修更换、在美研发、初创企业、非数据中心消费与民用工业以及公共部门等用途的涉案芯片，不适用这项关税。
关键矿产公告（第11001号）依据商务部2025年10月24日提交的调查报告。报告指出，截至2024年，美国对12种关键矿产的净进口依赖为100%，另有29种在50%以上；即使国内有采矿能力，也普遍缺乏加工产能。总统认同进口加工关键矿产威胁国家安全的结论，但选择先谈判：责成商务部长与美国贸易代表共同与贸易伙伴谈判，谈判中应考虑关键矿产价格下限等贸易限制措施，并在180天内汇报进展；若谈判不能及时达成满意协议，总统可能改采最低进口价格、关税等进口限制措施。
两项公告同日签署，使芯片与关键矿产这两条供应链成为2026年开年美国贸易政策的焦点。
关联：特朗普下令禁止HieFo收购EMCORE芯片资产，限180天内全部剥离
Trump Signs Two Section 232 Proclamations: 25% Tariff on Some Advanced Chips, Negotiations First on Critical Minerals
On January 14, 2026, in Washington, President Donald J. Trump signed two proclamations under section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962. One, covering semiconductor imports, imposed an immediate 25 percent tariff on a narrow category of advanced computing chips. The other, covering processed critical minerals and their derivative products, directed negotiations with trading partners first and imposed no immediate tariffs.
The semiconductor proclamation (No. 11002) rests on a Commerce Department investigation report transmitted on December 22, 2025, which found that semiconductor imports threaten U.S. national security and recommended a two-phase plan. In the first phase, the United States continues trade negotiations with foreign jurisdictions while a 25 percent ad valorem tariff applies to the covered advanced computing chips listed in the proclamation's annex when they are not imported to support the buildout of the U.S. technology supply chain, effective at 12:01 a.m. Eastern time on January 15, 2026. Broader semiconductor tariffs could follow in a second phase after negotiations conclude. The tariff does not apply to covered chips imported for use in U.S. data centers, for repairs or replacements performed in the United States, for U.S. research and development, for startups, or for non-data center consumer, civil industrial or public sector applications in the United States.
The critical minerals proclamation (No. 11001) rests on a Commerce report transmitted on October 24, 2025. It notes that as of 2024 the United States was 100 percent net import reliant for 12 critical minerals and at least 50 percent reliant for 29 more, and that even where the country mines a mineral it generally lacks the processing capacity to refine it. Concurring that imports of processed critical minerals threaten national security, the president directed the Secretary of Commerce and the U.S. Trade Representative to negotiate agreements with trading partners, considering price floors and other trade-restricting measures and reporting back within 180 days, while reserving other remedies, including minimum import prices or tariffs, if satisfactory agreements are not reached in time.
Signed the same day, the two proclamations made chips and critical minerals the twin supply-chain focus of U.S. trade policy at the start of 2026.
Related: Trump Bars HieFo's Acquisition of EMCORE Chip Assets and Orders Full Divestment Within 180 Days
来源：白宫
发布：GSM·美国（发布链接）
图片来源：图：位于美国华盛顿的美国商务部赫伯特·胡佛大楼外景（资料照片），两项232条款调查均由商务部完成。Carol M. Highsmith 摄，公共领域，经 Wikimedia Commons；联邦固定图库标准图。 / Photo: The Herbert C. Hoover Building, headquarters of the U.S. Department of Commerce in Washington (file photo); both Section 232 investigations were conducted by the Commerce Department. Photo by Carol M. Highsmith, public domain, via Wikimedia Commons; standard image from the GSM federal fixed-image library.
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