最高法院：政府须协助被误送萨尔瓦多的阿布雷戈·加西亚获释
美国联邦最高法院2025年4月10日就诺姆诉阿布雷戈·加西亚案（Noem v. Abrego Garcia，案号24A949）作出命令：联邦政府必须「协助」（facilitate）基尔马·阿曼多·阿布雷戈·加西亚（Kilmar Armando Abrego Garcia）从萨尔瓦多羁押中获释，并确保其案件按他从未被不当送往萨尔瓦多时本应得到的方式处理。阿布雷戈·加西亚此前住在马里兰州，2025年3月15日被美国移送至萨尔瓦多，现被关押在该国的恐怖主义监禁中心（CECOT）。
最高法院在命令中写明：美国承认阿布雷戈·加西亚受一道禁止将其移送萨尔瓦多的暂缓遣返令保护，因此这次移送违法；美国表示，移送源于一次「行政错误」。美方同时指称阿布雷戈·加西亚是已被列为外国恐怖组织的MS-13帮派成员、其返回美国将威胁公众；阿布雷戈·加西亚回应称自己不是MS-13成员，已与家人在美国安全生活十年、从未被控任何罪行。
案件源于马里兰联邦地区法院2025年4月4日的命令：该院要求政府「协助并促成」（facilitate and effectuate）阿布雷戈·加西亚在4月7日晚上11时59分前返回美国。4月7日上午，美国政府向最高法院申请撤销该命令，首席大法官先行发出行政暂缓、其后将申请提交全院。最高法院4月10日裁定申请部分批准、部分驳回：因行政暂缓，地区法院设定的期限已经过去，该期限不再有效；命令其余部分继续有效，但须发回地区法院澄清。
最高法院指出，地区法院命令中「促成」（effectuate）一词的预期范围不明确、可能超出该院权限，地区法院应予澄清，并适当尊重行政部门在外交事务上的裁量；政府方面则应准备说明其已经采取的步骤以及后续步骤的前景。首席大法官此前发出的暂缓令被撤销。
索托马约尔大法官发表声明，卡根与杰克逊两位大法官加入：声明指出，一名移民法官2019年已明令禁止将阿布雷戈·加西亚移送萨尔瓦多，理由是他在那里面临「未来受迫害的明确可能性」、且萨尔瓦多当局无力或不愿保护他，政府从未挑战该令的有效性；声明认为本应全盘驳回政府的申请，但同意本命令的救济方向——政府必须给予阿布雷戈·加西亚其在未被非法移送时本应享有的一切程序，包括正当程序与《禁止酷刑公约》下的义务。（来源：美国联邦最高法院）
Supreme Court: Government Must Facilitate Release of Abrego Garcia, Removed to El Salvador in Error
The Supreme Court of the United States ruled on April 10, 2025, in Noem v. Abrego Garcia, No. 24A949, that the Government must "facilitate" the release of Kilmar Armando Abrego Garcia from custody in El Salvador and ensure that his case is handled as it would have been had he not been improperly sent there. Abrego Garcia, who had lived in Maryland, was removed by the United States to El Salvador on March 15, 2025, and was detained in that country's Center for Terrorism Confinement (CECOT).
The Court's order states that the United States acknowledges Abrego Garcia was subject to a withholding order forbidding his removal to El Salvador, and that the removal was therefore illegal; the United States represents that the removal resulted from an "administrative error." The United States alleges that Abrego Garcia has been found to be a member of MS-13, a designated foreign terrorist organization, and that his return would pose a threat to the public. Abrego Garcia responds that he is not a member of MS-13, has lived safely in the United States with his family for a decade, and has never been charged with a crime.
The case arose from an April 4, 2025, order of the U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland directing the Government to "facilitate and effectuate the return" of Abrego Garcia to the United States by no later than 11:59 p.m. on Monday, April 7. On the morning of April 7 the United States applied to the Supreme Court to vacate that order; the Chief Justice entered an administrative stay and referred the application to the Court.
On April 10 the Court granted the application in part and denied it in part: because of the administrative stay, the district court's deadline had passed and was no longer effective; the rest of the order remained in effect but required clarification on remand. The order "properly requires the Government to 'facilitate' Abrego Garcia's release from custody in El Salvador," the Court said, but the intended scope of "effectuate" was unclear and might exceed the district court's authority. The district court should clarify its directive "with due regard for the deference owed to the Executive Branch in the conduct of foreign affairs," and the Government "should be prepared to share what it can concerning the steps it has taken and the prospect of further steps." The Chief Justice's earlier stay was vacated.
Justice Sotomayor, joined by Justices Kagan and Jackson, issued a statement respecting the disposition: an immigration judge's 2019 order had expressly prohibited Abrego Garcia's removal to El Salvador because he faced a "clear probability of future persecution" there and Salvadoran authorities were unable or unwilling to protect him, and the Government had not challenged that order's validity. She would have denied the application in full, but agreed that the proper remedy is to provide Abrego Garcia all the process he would have been entitled to had he not been unlawfully removed, including due process and obligations under the Convention Against Torture. (Source: Supreme Court of the United States)
来源：美国联邦最高法院
发布：GSM·美国（发布链接）
图片来源：图：位于华盛顿的美国最高法院大楼（资料图）。图：Joe Ravi，CC BY-SA 3.0，via Wikimedia Commons / Photo: The U.S. Supreme Court Building in Washington (file photo). Photo: Joe Ravi, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
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