特朗普援引1798年《外国敌人法》：委内瑞拉帮派成员可被即时拘押遣返
2025年3月15日，美国总统特朗普在首都华盛顿的白宫公布公告，援引1798年《外国敌人法》，宣布委内瑞拉跨国帮派「阿拉瓜火车」（Tren de Aragua）的成员为外国敌人，可被即时拘押并遣返。公告的落款日期是3月14日，白宫于15日对外发布。
公告说，「阿拉瓜火车」是一个被指定的外国恐怖组织，成员数以千计，许多人已非法潜入美国，在美国境内从事非正规战争与敌对行动，并与委内瑞拉马杜罗政权扶持的贩毒恐怖网络「太阳卡特尔」勾连，犯下谋杀、绑架、勒索以及人口、毒品与武器贩运等严重罪行。公告回顾，今年2月20日，国务卿在与司法部长、财政部长协商后，依《移民与国籍法》相关条款把该组织指定为外国恐怖组织。
公告第一部分认定，该组织正在对美国领土实施、企图并威胁「入侵或掠夺性侵入」，其敌对行动既有直接实施的，也有在马杜罗政权指使下实施的。据此，公告宣布：凡14岁及以上、属于该组织成员、身在美国、且既未入籍美国、也不是美国合法永久居民的委内瑞拉公民，都可作为外国敌人被逮捕、限制、扣留与遣返；他们仅凭成员身份即被视为对美国怀有实际敌意，并被认定对美国的公共和平与安全构成危险。
公告同时下达执行规章：这类外国敌人不得进入或逗留在美国任何领土，在境内发现即应立即拘押、直至遣返；遣返前在执行官员指定的地点拘留；遣返去向由执行官员依法决定；其用于敌对活动的财产可被扣押没收。公告命司法部长在60天内备好并发布政策函件，送达美国首席大法官、各级联邦法院首席法官与各州州长；司法部长与国土安全部长负责执行拘押与遣返，各部门与州、地方执法力量协同配合。
公告公布当天，这一做法即在华盛顿的联邦法院受到挑战：五名被拘押的委内瑞拉人当天上午提起诉讼，哥伦比亚特区联邦地区法院首席法官博斯伯格先就五名原告、其后就所有可能受公告影响的人发布临时限制令，要求政府不得据公告移除他们，并要求已经起飞的遣返航班返航。这场围绕1798年法律能否用于和平时期移民执法的争议，自此进入法院。（来源：白宫）
Trump Invokes the 1798 Alien Enemies Act: Venezuelan Gang Members Liable to Immediate Apprehension and Removal
On March 15, 2025, President Donald J. Trump released a proclamation at the White House in Washington invoking the Alien Enemies Act of 1798 and declaring members of the Venezuelan transnational gang Tren de Aragua to be Alien Enemies liable to immediate apprehension and removal. The proclamation is dated March 14 and was published by the White House on March 15.
Tren de Aragua, the proclamation says, is a designated Foreign Terrorist Organization with thousands of members, many of whom have unlawfully infiltrated the United States and are conducting irregular warfare and hostile actions, operating in conjunction with Cartel de los Soles, the Maduro regime-sponsored narco-terrorism enterprise based in Venezuela, and committing murders, kidnappings, extortions, and human, drug, and weapons trafficking. On February 20, 2025, after consultation with the Attorney General and the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of State had designated the group as a Foreign Terrorist Organization under 8 U.S.C. 1189.
In its first section, the proclamation finds that the group is perpetrating, attempting, and threatening an invasion or predatory incursion against the territory of the United States, undertaking hostile actions both directly and at the direction of the Maduro regime. On those findings, it proclaims that all Venezuelan citizens 14 years of age or older who are members of the group, are within the United States, and are not actually naturalized or lawful permanent residents are liable to be apprehended, restrained, secured, and removed as Alien Enemies, chargeable by virtue of their membership alone with actual hostility against the United States and a danger to the public peace or safety.
Regulations issued with the proclamation bar such Alien Enemies from entering or being found in any United States territory, subject anyone found to immediate apprehension and detention until removal, leave the place of detention and the destination of removal to the officers executing the regulations, and make property used for the group's hostile activity subject to seizure and forfeiture. The Attorney General was directed to prepare and publish a policy letter within 60 days and transmit it to the Chief Justice, the chief judges of the federal courts, and the governors of the states; the Attorney General and the Secretary of Homeland Security were charged with carrying out the apprehensions and removals, with all agencies and state and local law enforcement directed to collaborate.
The move was challenged in federal court in Washington the same day: five detained Venezuelans sued that morning, and Chief Judge James Boasberg of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia issued temporary restraining orders, first for the five plaintiffs and then for the full class of people subject to the proclamation, barring removals under it and ordering any deportation flights already in the air to return. The legal fight over whether a 1798 wartime statute could be used for peacetime immigration enforcement was under way. (Source: The White House)
来源：白宫
发布：GSM·美国（发布链接）
图片来源：图：位于华盛顿的美国哥伦比亚特区联邦地区法院所在的普雷蒂曼联邦法院大楼——针对《外国敌人法》公告的诉讼即在该院审理（Ajay Suresh，CC BY 2.0，Wikimedia Commons）。 / Image: The E. Barrett Prettyman United States Courthouse in Washington, home of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, where the challenge to the Alien Enemies Act proclamation was heard (Ajay Suresh, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons).
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