特朗普签署行政令制裁国际刑事法院：冻结资产、限制入境
2025年2月6日，美国总统特朗普在位于华盛顿特区的白宫签署第14203号行政令《对国际刑事法院实施制裁》，宣布国家紧急状态，授权对国际刑事法院（ICC）相关人员实施资产冻结与入境限制。行政令称，ICC针对美国及其亲密盟友以色列采取了「非法且毫无根据的行动」。
行政令写明，ICC在没有正当依据的情况下主张管辖权，对美国及包括以色列在内的某些盟友的人员展开初步调查，并滥用权力，对以色列总理 Benjamin Netanyahu 与前国防部长 Yoav Gallant 发出毫无根据的逮捕令。行政令称，美国与以色列都不是《罗马规约》缔约国、也不是 ICC 成员，ICC 对两国没有管辖权，两国也从未承认其管辖权。
行政令称，ICC 近期针对以色列与美国的行动开创了危险先例，直接危及美国现任与前任人员、包括武装部队现役军人，使他们面临骚扰、虐待与可能被逮捕的风险，并威胁侵犯美国主权、损害美国政府及盟友关键的国家安全与外交工作。行政令援引国会 2002 年通过的《美国军人保护法》，称美国明确反对、并期望盟友反对 ICC 针对美国、以色列或任何未同意其管辖权的其他盟友的行动，美国将对 ICC 越界行为的责任人施加切实而重大的后果，包括冻结财产与资产、暂停 ICC 官员、雇员与代理人及其直系亲属入境美国。
制裁的核心机制是资产冻结。行政令第 1 条规定，下列人员在美国境内、或将来进入美国、或落入任何美国人占有或控制之下的全部财产与财产权益一律冻结，不得转让、支付、输出、提取或以其他方式处置：一是行政令附件所列人员；二是由国务卿商财政部长与司法部长后认定的外国人，包括直接参与 ICC 在未经当事人国籍国同意的情况下调查、逮捕、拘留或起诉「受保护人员」的行动者，为这类行动或为已被冻结者提供实质协助、赞助或资金、物质、技术支持或商品服务者，以及由已被冻结者拥有或控制、或直接间接为其行事者。行政令附件只列一人：ICC 检察官 Karim Khan。
行政令第 4 条暂停相关人员入境：符合第 1 条标准者、其直系亲属（指配偶或子女），以及国务卿认定受雇于 ICC 或担任其代理人者，以移民或非移民身份入境美国均被暂停，但国务卿认定其入境不违背美国利益等例外情形除外，相关人员按 2011 年第 8693 号公告的口径处理。第 2 条与第 3 条禁止向被冻结者捐赠、或与其进行资金、商品与服务的提供和接受。第 5 条要求财政部长商国务卿，在行政令发布后 60 天内向总统提交报告，提出应增列进第 1 条范围的人员。
行政令对「受保护人员」的界定包括两类：一是美国人员，即现任或前任武装部队成员、现任或前任民选或任命的政府官员，以及其他现为或曾为美国政府工作的人员，除非美国正式同意 ICC 对其行使管辖权或成为《罗马规约》缔约国；二是未同意 ICC 管辖权或非规约缔约国的美国盟友的国民或合法居民，范围同为军人、官员与政府工作人员。「美国盟友」指北约成员国政府或 2002 年《美国军人保护法》所定义的「主要非北约盟友」政府。行政令援引的授权包括《国际紧急经济权力法》《国家紧急状态法》与《移民与国籍法》第 212(f) 条等，并认定 ICC 调查、逮捕、拘留或起诉受保护人员的任何努力构成对美国国家安全与外交政策的异常且特别的威胁。
2月7日，ICC 发表声明回应。声明按 ICC 的说法，该院谴责美国发布意在制裁其官员、损害其独立公正司法工作的行政令；该院坚定支持其人员，承诺继续为世界各地数以百万计的暴行无辜受害者提供正义与希望，并呼吁其 125 个缔约国、民间社会与世界各国团结起来维护正义与基本人权。
（来源：白宫）
Trump Signs Executive Order Sanctioning the International Criminal Court: Asset Freezes and Entry Bans
On February 6, 2025, President Donald Trump, at the White House in Washington, D.C., signed Executive Order 14203, "Imposing Sanctions on the International Criminal Court," declaring a national emergency and authorizing asset freezes and entry restrictions against persons connected with the International Criminal Court (ICC). The order states that the ICC "has engaged in illegitimate and baseless actions targeting America and our close ally Israel."
According to the order, the ICC, without a legitimate basis, asserted jurisdiction over and opened preliminary investigations concerning personnel of the United States and certain of its allies, including Israel, and further abused its power by issuing baseless arrest warrants targeting Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and former Minister of Defense Yoav Gallant. The order states that the ICC has no jurisdiction over the United States or Israel, as neither country is a party to the Rome Statute or a member of the ICC, and that neither country has ever recognized the court's jurisdiction.
The order states that the ICC's recent actions against Israel and the United States set a dangerous precedent, directly endangering current and former United States personnel, including active service members of the Armed Forces, by exposing them to harassment, abuse and possible arrest, and that this conduct threatens to infringe upon the sovereignty of the United States and undermines the critical national security and foreign policy work of the United States Government and its allies, including Israel. Citing the American Servicemembers' Protection Act of 2002, the order states that the United States unequivocally opposes, and expects its allies to oppose, any ICC actions against the United States, Israel, or any other ally that has not consented to ICC jurisdiction, and that the United States will impose tangible and significant consequences on those responsible for the ICC's transgressions, including the blocking of property and assets and the suspension of entry into the United States of ICC officials, employees and agents, as well as their immediate family members.
The core sanctions mechanism is a blocking of property. Section 1 of the order provides that all property and interests in property that are in the United States, that later come within the United States, or that are or later come within the possession or control of any United States person, of the following persons are blocked and may not be transferred, paid, exported, withdrawn or otherwise dealt in: first, the person listed in the Annex to the order; and second, any foreign person determined by the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury and the Attorney General, to have directly engaged in any effort by the ICC to investigate, arrest, detain or prosecute a protected person without the consent of that person's country of nationality, to have materially assisted, sponsored or provided financial, material or technological support for, or goods or services in support of, such an activity or of a blocked person, or to be owned or controlled by, or to have acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, a blocked person. The Annex lists a single person: Karim Khan, Prosecutor of the ICC.
Section 4 suspends entry into the United States: the unrestricted immigrant and nonimmigrant entry of persons meeting the criteria in section 1, of their immediate family members (defined as a spouse or child), and of aliens determined by the Secretary of State to be employed by, or acting as an agent of, the ICC is suspended, except where the Secretary of State determines that entry would not be contrary to the interests of the United States, and such persons are to be treated as persons covered by section 1 of Proclamation 8693 of July 24, 2011. Sections 2 and 3 prohibit donations to blocked persons and the making or receipt of contributions or provisions of funds, goods or services involving them. Section 5 requires the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, to submit a report to the President within 60 days on additional persons that should be included within the scope of section 1.
The order defines "protected person" in two parts: any United States person - including current or former members of the Armed Forces, current or former elected or appointed officials of the United States Government, and any other person currently or formerly employed by or working on behalf of the United States Government - unless the United States provides formal consent to ICC jurisdiction over that person or becomes a state party to the Rome Statute; and any foreign person who is a citizen or lawful resident of an ally of the United States that has not consented to ICC jurisdiction over that person or is not a state party to the Rome Statute, in the same categories of service members, officials and government workers. An "ally of the United States" means a government of a NATO member country or of a "major non-NATO ally" as defined in the American Servicemembers' Protection Act of 2002. The order invokes the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, the National Emergencies Act and section 212(f) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, among other authorities, and determines that any effort by the ICC to investigate, arrest, detain or prosecute protected persons constitutes an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States.
On February 7, the ICC issued a statement in response. In the Court's words, it condemned the issuance by the United States of an executive order seeking to impose sanctions on its officials and harm its independent and impartial judicial work; it said the Court stands firmly by its personnel and pledges to continue providing justice and hope to millions of innocent victims of atrocities across the world, and it called on its 125 States Parties, civil society and all nations of the world to stand united for justice and fundamental human rights.
Related: International Criminal Court Issues Arrest Warrants for Netanyahu and Gallant
(Source: The White House)
来源：白宫
发布：GSM·美国（发布链接）
图片来源：GSM 行政令统一模板（美国总统行政令）
GSM Global · 本篇英文版 English edition of this story
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