历史上的今天：11月9日，全球重要历史事件
以下为历史上 11 月 9 日这一天在全球发生的重要事件，按年份排列，逐条回权威来源核实、只述事实，每条标明所属国家。
革命家罗伯特·布鲁姆（Robert Blum）在维也纳起义失败后于 11 月 9 日被处决。布鲁姆是 1848 年革命期间法兰克福国民议会的议员，他前往维也纳声援当地起义，被捕后被军事法庭判处死刑并于当日执行。
11 月 9 日，德国十一月革命期间，总理马克斯·冯·巴登（Max von Baden）宣布皇帝威廉二世退位，并将总理职务移交社会民主党领袖弗里德里希·艾伯特（Friedrich Ebert）。同日，社会民主党人菲利普·谢德曼（Philipp Scheidemann）从柏林国会大厦的一扇窗户宣布成立共和国，德国君主制就此终结。
11 月 8 日至 9 日，阿道夫·希特勒与埃里希·鲁登道夫（Erich Ludendorff）在慕尼黑发动政变（史称啤酒馆政变），试图推翻巴伐利亚州政府并进军柏林。政变在 11 月 9 日的交火后失败，希特勒随后被捕并受审。
11 月 9 日至 10 日，纳粹德国境内发生针对犹太人的大规模迫害行动，史称「水晶之夜」（Kristallnacht，又称 Reichspogromnacht）。据历史记载，当晚及次日，德国、奥地利与苏台德地区的犹太会堂与犹太人财产被大规模焚烧与破坏，400 多名犹太人被杀害或被迫自杀，约 3 万名犹太男子被逮捕并送往集中营。
11 月 9 日，北美东北部发生大停电：美国东北部多州与加拿大安大略省部分地区电力供应中断。这次停电后来成为电力系统可靠性讨论中的重要案例。
法国前总统夏尔·戴高乐（Charles de Gaulle）于 11 月 9 日在科隆贝双教堂村（Colombey-les-Deux-Églises）的家中去世。戴高乐曾领导二战期间的「自由法国」运动，并于 1959 年至 1969 年担任法兰西第五共和国总统。
11 月 9 日晚，民主德国统一社会党官员君特·沙博夫斯基（Günter Schabowski）在记者会上宣布新的旅行规定，被问及何时生效时回答：「据我所知……立即生效，没有延误。」当晚，大批东柏林市民聚集到柏林墙各检查站，边防人员最终放行人群，竖立 28 年的柏林墙就此开放。这次事件开启了通向德国统一的进程，德意志联邦共和国与德意志民主共和国于 1990 年 10 月 3 日正式统一。
（来源：Wikipedia 相关历史条目；NewsNation 11 月 9 日历史综述，其资料引自美国大屠杀纪念馆、柏林市政府与德国联邦档案馆）
On This Day in History: November 9 — Major World Events
The following are major world events that took place on November 9, listed by year. Each entry has been checked against authoritative sources and states facts only, with the country concerned named in each entry.
[Germany/Austria, 1848] Revolutionary Robert Blum was executed in Vienna on November 9 after the failure of the Vienna uprising. Blum, a member of the Frankfurt National Assembly during the revolutions of 1848, had travelled to Vienna to support the uprising there; he was arrested, tried by a military court and executed on this day.
[Germany, 1918] On November 9, during the November Revolution, Chancellor Max von Baden announced the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II and handed the chancellorship to Social Democratic leader Friedrich Ebert. The same day, Social Democrat Philipp Scheidemann proclaimed the German republic from a window of the Reichstag building in Berlin, ending the German monarchy.
[Germany, 1923] On November 8–9, Adolf Hitler and Erich Ludendorff launched a putsch in Munich — the Beer Hall Putsch — in an attempt to overthrow the Bavarian government and march on Berlin. The putsch collapsed after gunfire on November 9, and Hitler was arrested and put on trial.
[Germany, 1938] On November 9–10, Nazi Germany carried out a nationwide pogrom against Jews known as Kristallnacht (the Night of Broken Glass), or Reichspogromnacht. Synagogues and Jewish property across Germany, Austria and the Sudetenland were burned and destroyed on a large scale; more than four hundred Jews were killed or driven to suicide, and some 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to concentration camps.
[United States/Canada, 1965] On November 9, a widespread electricity blackout affected parts of the northeastern United States and Ontario, Canada. The 1965 blackout later became a central case in discussions of power-grid reliability.
[France, 1970] Former French president Charles de Gaulle died on November 9 at his home in Colombey-les-Deux-Églises. De Gaulle had led the Free French movement during the Second World War and served as president of the French Fifth Republic from 1959 to 1969.
[Germany, 1989] On the evening of November 9, East German official Günter Schabowski announced new travel regulations at a press conference and, asked when they would take effect, replied: "As far as I know... effective immediately, without delay." That night, crowds of East Berliners gathered at Berlin Wall crossing points, and border guards let people pass, opening the Wall after 28 years. The events set in motion the process that led to formal German reunification on October 3, 1990.
(Source: Wikipedia entries on November 9 in German history and the Fall of the Berlin Wall; NewsNation's November 9 history roundup, drawing on the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, the City of Berlin and the German Federal Archives)
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来源：各事件权威史料（逐条见正文
发布：GSM·美国（发布链接）
图片来源：历史档案照片（资料图）。（Wikimedia Commons／公共领域）|Historical archive photographs (file photo). (Wikimedia Commons / public domain)
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