日本：国家防灾厅正式发足 352人统筹首都直下与南海海槽巨震防备
日本政府11月2日在东京正式发足国家防灾厅，由首相高市早苗担任厅长，复兴大臣细野豪志兼任首任防灾大臣，内阁官房长官木原稔在记者会上公布了安排。新机构设在东京，编制352人，约为原内阁府防灾部门人员的1.6倍，是2021年9月数字厅之后首个直属内阁监督的新设厅级机构。
国家防灾厅由内阁府防灾部门改组扩充而来，依据今年7月国会通过的设立法成立，定位为政府防灾指挥中枢，统管灾前防备、受灾者支援与灾后复旧复兴。防灾大臣有权向其他省厅提出应予尊重的建议，以协调跨部门行动；机构还将支援财政与防灾专业人员不足的地方自治体。
设立的直接背景是多项巨灾想定：首都直下地震、南海海槽巨震、日本海沟与千岛海沟地震，以及富士山喷发。政府规划在2027年夏季前选定地方据点、2028年7月前开设地方局，强化与地方政府的协同。细野豪志在发足时呼吁国民储备食物、固定家具，并表示大规模灾害时中央与地方政府能做的事有其限度，平时防备不可或缺；新厅还提出改善避难所条件，包括便携厕所、热餐与洗浴设施和床位配置。
Japan: National Disaster Management Agency Launches With 352 Staff to Coordinate Megaquake Preparedness
Japan's government launched the National Disaster Management Agency in Tokyo on November 2, headed by Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi, with Reconstruction Minister Goshi Hosono serving concurrently as the first disaster management minister, Chief Cabinet Secretary Minoru Kihara announced. Based in Tokyo with 352 staff, about 1.6 times the personnel previously assigned to disaster management at the Cabinet Office, it is the first agency established directly under Cabinet supervision since the Digital Agency in September 2021.
Reorganised and expanded from the Cabinet Office's disaster management division under legislation passed by the Diet in July, the agency will serve as the government's disaster command centre, covering preparation, assistance to people hit by disasters and restoration and reconstruction. The disaster management minister can issue recommendations that other government bodies are expected to respect, and the agency will support municipalities facing budget constraints and shortages of disaster specialists.
The agency is aimed at Japan's most demanding scenarios: a major earthquake directly beneath the Tokyo metropolitan area, a megathrust quake along the Nankai Trough, quakes along the Japan Trench and Chishima Trench, and an eruption of Mount Fuji. Regional hub locations are to be decided by summer 2027, with local bureaus opening by July 2028. At the launch, Hosono urged residents to stockpile food and secure furniture, warning that central and local governments have limits in a massive disaster, and the agency aims to improve evacuation centres with portable toilets, hot meals, bathing facilities and beds.
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图片来源：照片：日本内阁府大楼（东京），っ 摄，Wikimedia Commons，CC BY-SA 3.0 授权 / Photo: Cabinet Office building in Tokyo, Japan, by っ, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0
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