历史上的今天：10月31日，全球重要历史事件
10月31日这一天，世界多地发生过影响深远的事件：德国在这一天点燃宗教改革，英国在这一天守住本土，美国在这一天完成一座总统山，印度在这一天失去一位总理。以下按年份排列，只述事实。
1517年，德国：据传统记载，神学家马丁·路德在维滕贝格城堡教堂门上张贴《九十五条论纲》，抗议赎罪券买卖；他同日将论纲寄送美因茨大主教阿尔布雷希特。这场始于学术辩论的抗议最终发展为宗教改革，永久重塑了西方基督教与欧洲历史，10月31日后被定为宗教改革日。
1632年，荷兰：画家约翰内斯·维米尔在代尔夫特受洗。他一生留下的画作不多，却以《戴珍珠耳环的少女》等作品成为荷兰黄金时代最受珍视的画家之一。
1864年，美国：内华达成为美国第36个州。此时正值美国内战期间，内华达的加入与当时的联邦政治局势密切相关。
1917年，奥斯曼帝国统治下的巴勒斯坦地区：贝尔谢巴战役打响，澳大利亚轻骑兵发动冲锋并攻占贝尔谢巴，此役是第一次世界大战西奈与巴勒斯坦战局中的关键一战。
1922年，意大利：贝尼托·墨索里尼就任意大利总理，其后建立法西斯独裁统治，他的上台为欧洲其他独裁者的崛起提供了先例。
1926年，美国：魔术师哈里·胡迪尼在底特律因腹膜炎去世，终年52岁。他的腹膜炎源于腹部受伤后阑尾破裂，这位以脱逃术闻名的表演者最终没能逃过伤病。
1940年，英国：不列颠之战结束。英国皇家空军成功守卫英国本土，德国空军未能取得制空权，德国入侵英国的计划被迫放弃，这是德国在第二次世界大战中的第一次重大挫败。
1941年，美国：经过近15年的施工，位于南达科他州黑山的拉什莫尔山国家纪念碑完工，山体上刻有乔治·华盛顿、托马斯·杰斐逊、西奥多·罗斯福与亚伯拉罕·林肯四位总统的头像。
1968年，美国：总统林登·约翰逊下令停止对北越的轰炸，为陷入僵局的越南战争和平谈判创造条件。
1984年，印度：四度出任总理的英迪拉·甘地在新德里被自己的两名锡克教卫兵刺杀身亡。她是印度独立后首任总理尼赫鲁之女。
2011年，全球：联合国人口基金将这一天定为「七十亿人口日」，世界人口在这一天前后达到70亿。
2020年，英国：苏格兰演员肖恩·康纳利逝世，享年90岁。他以在多部007电影中饰演詹姆斯·邦德而闻名于世。
On This Day: Major World Events of October 31
On October 31, events in many parts of the world changed the course of history: the Reformation was ignited in Germany, Britain held its home skies, the United States completed a mountain of presidents, and India lost a prime minister. The entries below are arranged by year and state the facts only.
In 1517, in Germany, according to tradition, theologian Martin Luther posted his Ninety-five Theses on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, protesting the sale of indulgences; that same day he sent the theses to Archbishop Albert of Mainz. What began as a call for scholarly debate became the Protestant Reformation, permanently reshaping Western Christianity and European history. October 31 is now observed as Reformation Day.
In 1632, in the Netherlands, painter Johannes Vermeer was baptized in Delft. He left few paintings, but works such as Girl with a Pearl Earring made him one of the most revered artists of the Dutch Golden Age.
In 1864, in the United States, Nevada became the 36th state, admitted during the American Civil War.
In 1917, in Ottoman-ruled Palestine, the Battle of Beersheba was fought, in which the Australian Light Horse charged and captured Beersheba, a pivotal action in the Sinai and Palestine campaign of the First World War.
In 1922, in Italy, Benito Mussolini became prime minister. He later established a fascist dictatorship, and his rise to power inspired other dictators, including Germany's Adolf Hitler.
In 1926, in the United States, magician Harry Houdini died in Detroit of peritonitis stemming from a ruptured appendix following a stomach injury, aged 52. The famed escape artist could not escape his illness.
In 1940, in the United Kingdom, the Battle of Britain ended. The Royal Air Force had defended Britain, the German Luftwaffe failed to gain air superiority, and Germany's planned invasion was abandoned, Germany's first major defeat of the Second World War.
In 1941, in the United States, after nearly 15 years of work, the Mount Rushmore National Memorial in the Black Hills of South Dakota was completed, its colossal sculpture featuring the heads of Presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln.
In 1968, in the United States, President Lyndon B. Johnson ordered an end to American bombing in North Vietnam, seeking to open the way for peace talks in the stalemated Vietnam War.
In 1984, in India, Indira Gandhi, the four-term prime minister and daughter of independent India's first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, was assassinated in New Delhi by two of her own Sikh bodyguards.
In 2011, worldwide, the United Nations Population Fund designated the day as the Day of Seven Billion, as the world's population reached seven billion around this date.
In 2020, in the United Kingdom, Scottish actor Sean Connery died at age 90. He was best known worldwide for portraying James Bond in a series of films.
来源：GSM·美国（原文链接）
图片来源：拉什莫尔山国家纪念碑（资料图）。Dean Franklin 摄，CC BY 2.0，经 Wikimedia Commons。 / Mount Rushmore National Memorial (file photo). Photo by Dean Franklin, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
