美国财政部制裁卢旺达国防部与金融机构Zigama：指其支持M23武装、须停止支持并从刚果（金）东部撤军
华盛顿——美国财政部外国资产控制办公室（OFAC）10月28日宣布制裁卢旺达国防部与卢旺达金融机构Zigama Credit and Savings Society，指两家机构为武装团体「3月23日运动」（M23）及其政治分支刚果河联盟提供支持；制裁生效后，两家机构在美国境内或由美国人控制的全部财产与财产权益将被冻结，并须向OFAC报告。
财政部长 Scott Bessent 在财政部声明中说：「美国今天兑现特朗普总统的承诺，让卢旺达为其在《华盛顿和平与繁荣协定》下的承诺负责。卢旺达必须停止支持M23，并将其部队撤出刚果民主共和国东部。」该协定由刚果（金）与卢旺达两国元首于2025年12月4日在华盛顿签署，内容包括和平解决刚果（金）东部冲突，以及扩大贸易投资、提高关键矿产供应链透明度的区域经济框架。
财政部称，卢旺达国防部是卢旺达安全部门的总括机构，卢旺达国防军（RDF）在其指挥下向刚果（金）东部北基伍省与南基伍省部署数千名士兵，与M23并肩作战，并向其提供军事装备、物资、后勤支持与训练，还向战场引入地对空导弹系统与干扰设备，对刚果（金）东部民用航空构成风险；RDF已于2026年3月2日被OFAC制裁。财政部称，M23自2021年重新起事以来，在其控制区实施法外处决、非法拘押与酷刑等侵害，2025年初攻占北基伍省首府Goma与南基伍省首府Bukavu，并控制包括南基伍省金矿与北基伍省Rubaya钶钽矿区在内的矿区，矿区平民被强迫劳动并被非法征税。卢旺达国防部此次依第13413号行政令被列名，理由是为RDF提供实质协助、赞助或金融、物资、后勤、技术支持。
对Zigama，财政部称其为卢旺达安全部门运作的金融机构，曾为RDF向中国及其他国家的实体支付购买武器、弹药与其他军事装备的款项，并支付RDF的训练差旅与住宿费用；其一家分支机构还参与把M23控制区出产的黄金运往Kigali，并为M23与刚果河联盟经手数千万美元的金融交易。Zigama此次同样依第13413号行政令被列名。
财政部同时说明，制裁的禁止范围包括：由被列名者直接或间接合计持有50%以上权益的实体同样被冻结；除非获得OFAC许可或豁免，美国人或在美国境内（或过境）的交易一般不得涉及被冻结人员的财产；违反美国制裁可面临民事或刑事处罚，非美国人也不得促使美国人违规或规避制裁。财政部称，制裁的最终目的不是惩罚，而是促使行为改变，被列名者可按OFAC指引申请从特别指定国民与被冻结人员名单（SDN名单）中除名。10月12日，刚果河联盟的后继组织「国家重建阵线」宣布成立。
US Treasury Sanctions Rwandan Ministry of Defence and Zigama for Supporting M23 in Eastern DRC
Washington — The U.S. Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) on October 28 imposed sanctions on the Rwandan Ministry of Defence and Zigama Credit and Savings Society, a Rwandan financial institution, saying both have supported the March 23 Movement (M23) and its political wing, the Congo River Alliance. As a result, all property and interests in property of the two that are in the United States or in the possession or control of U.S. persons are blocked and must be reported to OFAC.
"Today, the United States makes good on President Trump's promise to hold Rwanda accountable for its commitments under the Washington Accords for Peace and Prosperity," Secretary of the Treasury Scott Bessent said in the Treasury statement. "Rwanda must halt its support for M23 and withdraw its troops from eastern DRC." The Washington Accords were signed by the heads of state of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Rwanda on December 4, 2025, and incorporated a regional economic framework to expand trade and investment and enhance transparency in critical minerals supply chains.
Treasury said the Rwandan Ministry of Defence is the umbrella organization for Rwanda's security services, including the Rwanda Defence Force (RDF), which OFAC sanctioned on March 2, 2026. At the ministry's direction, Treasury said, the RDF has deployed thousands of troops across eastern DRC's North and South Kivu provinces, where they conduct operations alongside M23 and provide the group with military equipment, supplies, logistical support and training, and has introduced advanced weaponry including surface-to-air missile systems and jamming equipment, creating risks for civilian aviation in eastern DRC. Treasury said M23 has carried out extrajudicial killings, unlawful detentions and torture in areas under its control, captured Goma and Bukavu, the capitals of North and South Kivu, in early 2025, and taken control of mining areas including gold mines in South Kivu and the Rubaya coltan mining area in North Kivu, where civilians have been subjected to forced labor and illegal taxation. The ministry was designated under Executive Order 13413, as amended, for materially assisting, sponsoring or providing support to the RDF.
As for Zigama, Treasury said the institution operates on behalf of Rwanda's security services, facilitated payments to entities in China and additional countries for weapons, ammunition and other military equipment for the RDF, and facilitated payments for RDF travel and accommodation for training. A Zigama branch also enabled the transportation of gold sourced from M23-controlled territory in eastern DRC to Kigali, and Zigama facilitated financial transactions for M23 and the Congo River Alliance amounting to tens of millions of dollars, Treasury said. Zigama was designated under E.O. 13413, as amended, for providing support to the RDF, M23 and the Congo River Alliance.
Treasury said entities owned 50 percent or more by blocked persons are also blocked, that U.S. persons are generally prohibited from transactions involving blocked persons' property unless authorized by OFAC or exempt, and that violations may result in civil or criminal penalties. Treasury said the ultimate goal of sanctions is not to punish but to bring about a positive change in behavior, and that designated persons may petition OFAC for removal from the Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List. On October 12, the Front for the Refoundation of the Nation announced its formation as the successor to the Congo River Alliance.
来源：GSM·美国（原文链接）
图片来源：图：位于华盛顿的美国财政部大楼（2023年摄）。Wisneyykarin 摄，CC BY-SA 4.0，经 Wikimedia Commons。 / Photo: The U.S. Department of the Treasury building in Washington, D.C. (2023). Photo by Wisneyykarin, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
