历史上的今天：10月28日，全球重要历史事件
10月28日是公历一年中的第301天，这一天在全球多国历史上留下了重要事件：从美国自由女神像落成、哈佛学院创办，到捷克斯洛伐克宣布独立与古巴导弹危机落幕，本栏目按年份逐条记录，只述事实。
1636年，美国：马萨诸塞湾殖民地议会通过法案，在剑桥创办哈佛学院，该校后来发展为哈佛大学，是美国历史最悠久的高等学府。1886年，美国：法国赠送的自由女神像在纽约港自由岛举行落成揭幕仪式，时任总统 Grover Cleveland 主持，雕像由法国雕塑家 Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi 设计。1918年，捷克斯洛伐克：在第一次世界大战末期，捷克斯洛伐克宣布脱离奥匈帝国独立建国，10月28日后来成为捷克的国家假日。1919年，美国：国会推翻总统 Woodrow Wilson 的否决，通过《沃尔斯泰德法案》，为禁酒令提供执法依据，禁酒时期持续至1933年。
1929年，美国：纽约股市在这一天出现约13%的单日大跌，史称「黑色星期一」，紧随其后的是「黑色星期二」的继续暴跌，这场崩盘成为全球大萧条的序幕之一。1940年，意大利与希腊：意大利在这一天入侵希腊，希腊军队随后在边境山区组织抵抗，这一天在希腊被纪念为「拒绝日」。1962年，苏联与美国：苏联领导人 Nikita Khrushchev 宣布下令拆除设在古巴的导弹基地，历时13天的古巴导弹危机就此结束。
其他同日事件还包括：1726年，英国作家 Jonathan Swift 的小说《格列佛游记》在伦敦首次出版；1793年，美国发明家 Eli Whitney 为轧棉机申请专利；1858年，美国商人 Rowland Hussey Macy 在纽约第六大道与14街开设第一家梅西商店；1958年，罗马天主教会选出新任教皇，威尼斯宗主教 Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli 当选，取名 John XXIII；2021年，美国企业 Facebook 宣布公司更名为 Meta。
On This Day: Major World Events of October 28
October 28 is the 301st day of the year, and the date carries major events in the history of many countries, from the dedication of the Statue of Liberty and the founding of Harvard College to Czechoslovakia's declaration of independence and the end of the Cuban missile crisis. This column records them year by year, stating facts only.
In 1636, in the United States, the legislature of the Massachusetts Bay Colony passed an act establishing Harvard College in Cambridge, which later became Harvard University, the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. In 1886, in the United States, the Statue of Liberty, a gift from the people of France, was dedicated on Liberty Island in New York Harbor at a ceremony led by President Grover Cleveland; the statue was designed by French sculptor Frederic Auguste Bartholdi. In 1918, Czechoslovakia proclaimed its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of the First World War, and October 28 later became a national holiday in Czechia. In 1919, in the United States, Congress passed the Volstead Act over President Woodrow Wilson's veto, providing the legal framework for Prohibition, which lasted until 1933.
In 1929, in the United States, the New York stock market fell about 13 percent in a single day remembered as Black Monday, followed by further steep declines on Black Tuesday, a crash that became one of the opening chapters of the Great Depression. In 1940, Italy invaded Greece, whose forces then organized resistance in the border mountains; the date is commemorated in Greece as Ohi Day. In 1962, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev announced he had ordered the dismantling of Soviet missile bases in Cuba, bringing the 13-day Cuban missile crisis to an end.
Other events on this date include: in 1726, Jonathan Swift's novel Gulliver's Travels was first published in London, in the United Kingdom; in 1793, American inventor Eli Whitney applied for a patent for the cotton gin; in 1858, Rowland Hussey Macy opened his first New York store at Sixth Avenue and 14th Street in the United States; in 1958, the Roman Catholic Church elected a new pope, Venice patriarch Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, who took the name John XXIII; and in 2021, the American company Facebook announced it was rebranding itself as Meta.
来源：GSM·美国（原文链接）
图片来源：美国纽约自由女神像（资料图）。Dietmar Rabich 摄，CC BY-SA 4.0，经 Wikimedia Commons。 / The Statue of Liberty in New York (file photo). Photo by Dietmar Rabich, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
