历史上的今天：10月27日，全球重要历史事件
1858年，美国：西奥多·罗斯福出生于纽约市。他于1901至1909年担任美国第26任总统，任内扩大了总统与联邦政府的权力，并获诺贝尔和平奖；他也是国家公园制度的重要推动者，美国国家公园管理局至今以他的生日10月27日为年度免费开放日之一。
1275年，荷兰：阿姆斯特丹的传统建城日。这一日期源于1275年的一份文献首次提及这座位于阿姆斯特尔河畔的聚落，阿姆斯特丹其后发展为荷兰最大城市与主要港口。
1682年，美国：威廉·佩恩在宾夕法尼亚殖民地建立费城。费城其后成为美国独立运动的中心城市之一，《独立宣言》与美国宪法均在此诞生。
1904年，美国：纽约市地铁首条线路开通，从市政厅站通往145街。纽约地铁其后发展为全球规模最大的城市轨道交通系统之一，改变了纽约的城市扩张方式。
1962年，古巴与美国、苏联：古巴导弹危机进入最危险的一天，史称「黑色星期六」。一架美国U-2侦察机在古巴上空被击落；同日，苏联B-59号潜艇在遭美军深水炸弹警告时，艇上军官瓦西里·阿尔希波夫反对发射核鱼雷，危机最终经外交渠道化解。
1979年，圣文森特和格林纳丁斯：该国脱离英国正式独立，成为向风群岛中最后一个独立的国家，并留在英联邦内。
1991年，土库曼斯坦：土库曼斯坦宣布脱离苏联独立。原苏联时期该国领导人尼亚佐夫其后以总统身份长期执政，10月27日被定为该国独立日。
2017年，西班牙：加泰罗尼亚议会投票宣布该地区脱离西班牙独立，西班牙中央政府随即解散该议会并提前举行地区选举，主张独立的政党在选举中仍取得议会多数席位。
On This Day: October 27, Major World Events in History
1858, United States: Theodore Roosevelt was born in New York City. He served as the 26th U.S. president from 1901 to 1909, expanded the powers of the presidency and the federal government, and received the Nobel Peace Prize. A central figure in the conservation movement, he is still honored by the National Park Service, which marks his birthday, October 27, as one of its annual fee-free days.
1275, Netherlands: The traditional founding date of Amsterdam, taken from a 1275 document that first mentions the settlement on the Amstel River; the city grew into the Netherlands' largest city and a major port.
1682, United States: William Penn founded Philadelphia in the colony of Pennsylvania. The city later became a center of the American independence movement, where both the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution were produced.
1904, United States: The first line of the New York City Subway opened, running from City Hall to 145th Street. The system grew into one of the largest rapid transit networks in the world and reshaped the city's growth.
1962, Cuba, the United States and the Soviet Union: The Cuban Missile Crisis reached its most dangerous day, known as Black Saturday. A U.S. U-2 reconnaissance plane was shot down over Cuba; the same day, aboard the Soviet submarine B-59, officer Vasily Arkhipov refused to authorize the launch of a nuclear torpedo as U.S. forces dropped warning depth charges. The crisis was ultimately resolved through diplomacy.
1979, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: The country gained full independence from the United Kingdom, the last of the Windward Islands to do so, remaining within the Commonwealth.
1991, Turkmenistan: Turkmenistan declared independence from the Soviet Union. Its Soviet-era leader, Saparmurat Niyazov, continued as president, and October 27 is marked as the country's Independence Day.
2017, Spain: Catalonia's parliament voted to declare the region independent from Spain; the central government dismissed the legislature and called new elections, in which pro-independence parties again won a majority of seats.
来源：GSM·美国（原文链接）
图片来源：图：西奥多·罗斯福总统肖像（1904年摄）。他生于1858年10月27日。图片：Pach Brothers 摄，公共领域（Wikimedia Commons）。Photo: Portrait of President Theodore Roosevelt, 1904. He was born on October 27, 1858. Credit: Pach Brothers, public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
