路透调查：缅甸把伊朗航空燃油伪报成南非柴油进口：11.3万桶货以1,580万美元假合同入境
路透社10月26日（周一）发表调查报道，首次披露缅甸掩盖购买受制裁伊朗航空燃油的手法：2025年12月，受美国制裁的油轮 Reef 号载着约11.3万桶燃油、凭借一套虚假单据抵达缅甸水域——单据上写的，是一笔并不存在的南非柴油交易。
缅甸能源经纪商 Dynamic Wave 与泰国公司 Tawan-Oil Trading 签下价款1,580万美元的销售合同，名义上购买数量相近的南非柴油。但联合国数据与航运和能源数据商 Vortexa 的记录都显示，2025年南非与缅甸之间没有发生过这类贸易。路透社依据缅甸的燃油入境记录、卫星图像以及情报分析机构 SynMax Intelligence 对油轮航程的追踪认定，Reef 号实际装载的是从伊朗 Bandar Abbas 港运出的航空燃油。
美国2023年以缅甸军方对平民目标发动致命轰炸为由，对缅甸的航空燃油业实施定向上制裁；购买伊朗石油与燃油的各方同样面临美国全面制裁风险。路透社看到的缅甸外汇监管机构2025年11月30日信函显示，该机构在 Reef 号到港前数日告知 Dynamic Wave 的客户，将签发进口文件、把这批货物标注为柴油、而不是航空燃油，并授权 Dynamic Wave 与该客户 National Energy Prime Aviation Services Company 向 Tawan 付款。这家客户由缅甸军方支持的政府部分持有。Dynamic Wave、这家客户、缅甸军方政府与外汇监管机构的发言人以及伊朗外交部均未回应路透社的置评请求；美国财政部也未回应有关伊朗与缅甸之间航空燃油运输的问题。
倡议组织 Justice for Myanmar 周一发布报告，得出缅甸军政府正把航空燃油冒称柴油进口的结论；该组织说，有关文件取自一台曾短暂向公众开放访问的军政府服务器，其交付日期与数量与路透社另行查阅的燃油运输记录吻合。路透社的调查还显示，伊朗在2024年10月至2025年12月间是缅甸军方最主要的航空燃油供应方，运输主力是 Reef 号（现已更名为 Maris 号）与 Noble 号。2025年5月，Dynamic Wave 又与 Tawan 签下第二份合同，名义上以2,600万美元购买20.2万桶南非柴油、款项打入 Tawan 在泰国暹罗商业银行（Siam Commercial Bank）的账户；但发票所列燃油密度与航空燃油规格吻合，华盛顿州立大学航空燃油专家 Joshua Heyne 与能源资讯商 Platts 的数据均支持这一判断，且这批货的价格高出全球柴油基准逾50%。Noble 号于2025年6月17日抵达 Yangon，载有近20万桶航空燃油，其航行信号一度把目的地伪装成孟加拉国的 Chittagong。
Tawan 在联合国专家2024年的一份报告中被列为缅甸军方的航空燃油供应商，暹罗商业银行在同一报告中被描述为缅甸军方采购的主要协助者之一；该行在报告发布后表示，其遵守反洗钱法律、与缅甸相关的交易合法且与军火贸易无关，本次未回应路透社提问，Tawan 与泰国中央银行同样未回应。缅甸军方2021年从 Aung San Suu Kyi 领导的民选政府手中夺取政权并引发内战；联合国今年8月说，军方的空袭已造成包括平民在内的数千人死亡，缅甸外交部则回应称军方在避免平民伤害方面保持最大克制。路透社本月早些时候报道说，伊朗与缅甸之间的航空燃油运输今年仍在继续。
Reuters Investigation: Myanmar Disguised Iranian Jet Fuel as South African Diesel in a $15.8 Million Sham Contract
Reuters published an investigation on Monday, October 26, reporting for the first time how Myanmar disguised its purchases of sanctioned Iranian jet fuel: in December 2025, the U.S.-sanctioned tanker Reef arrived in Myanmar waters carrying some 113,000 barrels of fuel backed by sham paperwork for a South African diesel trade that never happened.
Myanmar-based energy broker Dynamic Wave had signed a $15.8 million sales contract with Thailand's Tawan-Oil Trading to supposedly take delivery of a similar amount of South African diesel. But there was no such trade between South Africa and Myanmar in 2025, according to data from the United Nations and Vortexa, a shipping and energy data provider. Based on records of fuel shipments to Myanmar, satellite images and analysis by SynMax Intelligence, which tracked the tanker's journey from the Iranian port of Bandar Abbas, Reuters concluded that Reef was in fact carrying jet fuel from Iran.
The United States imposed targeted sanctions on Myanmar's jet-fuel industry in 2023, citing the military's deadly bombing campaign against civilian targets, and all purchasers of Iranian oil and fuel are also exposed to sweeping American sanctions. Days before Reef arrived, Myanmar's foreign exchange regulator told Dynamic Wave's client in a November 30 letter seen by Reuters that it would issue import documentation labeling the delivery as diesel instead of jet fuel, and authorized Dynamic Wave and the client, National Energy Prime Aviation Services Company, to pay Tawan. The client is part-owned by Myanmar's military-backed government. Neither Dynamic Wave nor its client responded to Reuters questions; spokespeople for Myanmar's military-backed government and foreign exchange regulator and for Iran's foreign ministry also did not return requests for comment, and the U.S. Treasury did not respond to questions about jet-fuel shipments between Iran and Myanmar.
Justice for Myanmar, which shared documents including the sales contract with Reuters, published a report on Monday concluding that Myanmar's junta was importing jet fuel mislabeled as diesel; the group said it obtained the documents from a junta-run server that was briefly publicly accessible, and Reuters found that delivery dates and fuel quantities matched shipment records it reviewed separately. Tehran was the Myanmar military's primary supplier of jet fuel between October 2024 and December 2025, with much of the trade carried out by the tankers Reef, since renamed Maris, and Noble, Reuters reported. A second contract in May 2025 had Dynamic Wave agree to buy 202,000 barrels of purported South African diesel from Tawan for $26 million, payable into Tawan's account at Thailand's Siam Commercial Bank; the invoice's listed fuel density matched jet-fuel specifications rather than diesel sold in Southeast Asia, according to Joshua Heyne, a jet-fuel expert at Washington State University, and data from Platts, and the price was more than 50% above a global diesel benchmark. Noble called at Yangon on June 17, 2025, carrying just under 200,000 barrels of jet fuel loaded at Bandar Abbas, while transmitting location signals that made its destination appear to be Chittagong in Bangladesh, according to SynMax.
Tawan was identified by United Nations experts in a 2024 report as a jet-fuel supplier to Myanmar's military, and Siam Commercial Bank was described in that report as a major facilitator of Myanmar military procurement; the bank said after the report's release that it adheres to anti-money-laundering laws and that its Myanmar-related transactions were legitimate and not connected to the arms trade. The bank, Tawan and the Bank of Thailand did not respond to Reuters questions for this report. Myanmar's generals seized power in 2021 from the democratically elected government of Aung San Suu Kyi, sparking a civil war in which, the United Nations said in August, the military has killed thousands of people, including many civilians, in aerial assaults; Myanmar's foreign ministry has said the military exercises maximum restraint to avoid civilian harm. Reuters reported earlier this month that jet-fuel shipments between Iran and Myanmar have continued this year.
来源：GSM·美国（原文链接）
图片来源：图：停靠在炼油厂码头的原油油轮（资料图，非涉案油轮）。摄影：Calistemon，CC BY-SA 4.0，经 Wikimedia Commons。 / A crude oil tanker at a refinery jetty (file photo; not one of the tankers named in the report). Photo by Calistemon, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
