特朗普政府评审草案拟削加州海岸保护权：联邦资金暂停，整改清单要求会见SpaceX与石油公司
据《洛杉矶时报》10月24日报道，该报经公共记录申请取得的一份联邦评审草案显示，特朗普政府表示，除非加州监管机构同意十余项「整改行动」，否则将削弱加州保护其海岸线的权力；草案称，加州海岸管理项目的未来联邦资金已经暂停，「除非且直至已查明的缺陷得到令人满意的解决」。
这份92页的评审由美国国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）海岸管理办公室作出，称加州海岸管理机构存在「管辖与监管越界的模式」，对近海钻探机会、油气项目整体以及SpaceX的发射活动表现出「不合理的敌意与政治偏见」。整改清单前列的要求包括：加州海岸委员会须与SpaceX会面，「讨论任何关于政治偏见的未决关切以及富有成效的下一步」；海岸管理机构还须与总部位于德州的石油公司Sable Offshore Corp.讨论「监管负担与越界方面的任何未决关切」——该公司一直寻求特朗普总统的影响，以绕过州级监管、重启Santa Barbara海岸外一处停产已久的近海作业。此外，该州主要海岸机构须在明年1月前发表正式声明，承诺加州「不会一概反对由特定实体主导的倡议，或与石油天然气等特定行业有关的倡议，或涉及近海钻探等特定活动的倡议」。
在加州负责执行《海岸带管理法》的三个机构——海岸委员会、加州州立海岸保护局与旧金山湾保护与发展委员会——须在11月16日前回应初步结论与整改要求。海岸委员会发言人 Joshua Smith 表示，委员会对这份草案评审感到失望，指出其长期获得联邦政府的优异评审、拥有50年成功的联邦合作记录，委员会在96%的情况下要么按提交方案批准项目，要么协商改进后让项目推进；委员会已依《海岸带管理法》实施细则申请将回应期限延长15天。联邦政府其后将作出最终认定。
评审的背景是，美国商务部长 Howard Lutnick 今年早些时候宣布以「新方法」对加州的《海岸带管理法》合规情况启动新一轮评估，称将把近海石油生产、管道维护、太空港基础设施、海水淡化项目与海底电缆纳入考量。今年夏季45天公众意见期内共收到23,000多份书面意见；草案附带备忘录承认加州海岸管理项目在某些方面表现优异、居全国领先地位，草案同时称，在23,071份书面意见中，联邦官员只认定22份为「复杂意见」，其中约12份对加州海岸管理表达了关切或不满，并据此提出整改建议。评审还专门提及海岸委员会对 Oceano Dunes 州立车辆游憩区沙滩车辆通行问题的处理。
加州自然资源局局长 Wade Crowfoot 表示，这次评审是公众程序的失败，称其为特朗普政府「预先定调的政治攻击」，目的是代表石油公司向加州施压、为加州海岸外大规模新钻探扫清道路。联邦参议员 Adam Schiff 称政府使用《海岸带管理法》的做法「公然违法」且出于政治动机。斯坦福大学环境与自然资源法律及政策项目前主任 Meg Caldwell 表示，这份审计是对州权的攻击，是「危险的最后通牒」。法律专家表示，联邦政府此前从未以这种方式试图剥夺一个沿海州的相关权利，若草案结论成为最终决定，影响将十分深远。
关联：
SpaceX猎鹰9号自范登堡升空送27颗星链卫星入轨：加州追平年度71次发射纪录
Trump Administration Draft Review Would Strip California Coastal Authority: Federal Funding Suspended, Corrective List Names SpaceX and an Oil Company
According to an October 24 report by the Los Angeles Times, which obtained a draft federal review through a public records request, the Trump administration said it would strip California of its authority to protect its coastline unless state regulators agreed to more than a dozen corrective actions. The draft said future federal funding for the state's coastal management program has been suspended "unless and until the identified deficiencies are satisfactorily addressed."
The 92-page review, prepared by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Office for Coastal Management, cited what it called a pattern of jurisdictional and regulatory overreach, saying California coastal authorities have demonstrated unjustified hostility and political bias against offshore drilling opportunities, oil and gas projects broadly, and SpaceX's launch activities. At the top of the corrective list, the California Coastal Commission must meet with SpaceX and discuss any outstanding concerns about political bias and productive next steps. Coastal authorities were also directed to discuss regulatory burden and overreach concerns with Sable Offshore Corp., a Texas-based oil company that has sought President Trump's influence to bypass state oversight and restart a once-dormant offshore operation off the Santa Barbara coast. The state's leading coastal agency must also issue an official statement by January pledging that California will not categorically oppose initiatives led by certain entities, or relating to certain industries such as oil and gas, or involving certain activities such as offshore drilling.
The three California agencies charged with implementing the Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) — the Coastal Commission, the California State Coastal Conservancy and the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission — have until November 16 to respond to the preliminary findings and corrective actions. Coastal Commission spokesperson Joshua Smith said the commission was disappointed to receive the draft evaluation given its long history of stellar federal reviews and a 50-year record of successful federal partnership, in which 96 percent of the time the commission either approves projects as submitted or negotiates improvements so they can move forward. Smith said the commission has requested a 15-day extension beyond the November 16 deadline, as allowed under CZMA regulations. The federal government will then issue its final determinations.
Earlier this year, U.S. Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick announced a fresh evaluation of California's CZMA compliance using a new approach that would take offshore oil production, pipeline maintenance, spaceport infrastructure, desalination projects and undersea cables into consideration. More than 23,000 written comments were submitted during the 45-day public comment period this summer. A memo attached to the draft findings acknowledged areas where the California Coastal Management Program is excellent and a national leader, while the draft said federal officials considered only 22 of the 23,071 written comments to be complex, and that about 12 of those expressed concern or disapproval of California's coastal management, which the review cited in its recommendations. The review also singled out the Coastal Commission's handling of vehicle use at Oceano Dunes State Vehicular Recreation Area.
Wade Crowfoot, California's secretary for natural resources, called the review a failure of the public process and a preordained political attack by the Trump administration, saying its aim was to strong-arm California on behalf of oil companies and clear the path for massive new oil drilling off the coast. U.S. Senator Adam Schiff has condemned the administration's use of the CZMA as blatantly illegal and politically motivated. Meg Caldwell, who directed Stanford's Environmental and Natural Resources Law and Policy Program for more than two decades, called the audit an attack on states' rights and a dangerous ultimatum. Legal experts said the federal government has never before attempted to strip a coastal state of its rights in this way, and that the consequences could be far-reaching if the draft findings become final.
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来源：GSM·美国（原文链接）
图片来源：加州 Oceano Dunes 海滩实景（资料图）：联邦评审草案曾专门提及该州立车辆游憩区的沙滩车辆通行争议。照片：公共领域。 / Oceano Dunes beach in California (file photo): the federal draft review singled out the long-running dispute over vehicle use at this state vehicular recreation area. Photo: public domain.
