历史上的今天：10月24日，全球与中国历史大事
10月24日这一天，在不同年代、不同国家留下了多条被史书记载的大事。GSM「历史上的今天」栏目逐条回权威来源核实、每条标明所属国家，只述事实：从1648年结束三十年战争的和约，到1945年联合国成立，再到2007年中国第一颗月球探测卫星发射，均发生在10月24日。
1648年，欧洲（今德国等地）：《威斯特伐利亚和约》于10月24日签订，结束了自1618年开始的三十年战争。和约在明斯特与奥斯纳布吕克等地谈判达成，被视为近代国家主权原则确立的里程碑之一。
1861年，美国：第一封横贯大陆的电报于10月24日成功发出，电报线路把美国东西两岸连通。总统 Abraham Lincoln 收到了这封跨大陆电报；依靠骑手接力的「驿马快信」（Pony Express）随之在数日后停运。
1929年，美国：纽约证券交易所10月24日爆发大规模抛售，这一天被称为「黑色星期四」，成交量超过1,200万股。它是1929年华尔街股灾的开端，其后数日跌势加剧，美国经济随后陷入大萧条。
1931年，美国：连接纽约市与新泽西州 Fort Lee 的 George Washington Bridge 于10月24日通车。该桥横跨 Hudson 河，通车时是当时世界上主跨最长的悬索桥。
1945年，国际（宪章在美国旧金山签署）：《联合国宪章》于10月24日生效，联合国正式成立。宪章此前于1945年6月在旧金山签署，在获得安全理事会五个常任理事国及多数其他签署国批准后生效；10月24日后来被定为「联合国日」。
2003年，英国与法国：协和式超音速客机于10月24日完成最后一次商业客运飞行。协和客机由英国与法国联合研制，1976年投入商业运营，这次末飞结束了其27年的超音速客运服务。
2007年，中国：中国第一颗月球探测卫星「嫦娥一号」于10月24日由长征三号甲运载火箭从四川省西昌卫星发射中心发射升空。卫星于同年11月5日进入月球轨道，11月26日传回第一批月球图像；任务延长运行至2009年3月1日受控撞月结束。
On This Day: October 24 in Global and Chinese History
October 24 has left its mark on history in different eras and different countries. GSM's 'On This Day' column verifies each entry against authoritative sources and labels the country concerned, stating facts only: from the 1648 peace that ended the Thirty Years' War, to the founding of the United Nations in 1945, to the launch of China's first lunar probe in 2007, all happened on October 24.
In 1648, Europe (including what is now Germany): the Peace of Westphalia was signed on October 24, ending the Thirty Years' War that had begun in 1618. Negotiated at Münster and Osnabrück, the settlement is regarded as a milestone in establishing the modern principle of state sovereignty.
In 1861, the United States: the first transcontinental telegraph message was sent successfully on October 24, linking the East and West coasts. President Abraham Lincoln received the message, and the rider-based Pony Express ceased operations days later.
In 1929, the United States: a massive sell-off hit the New York Stock Exchange on October 24, a day known as 'Black Thursday,' with more than 12 million shares traded. It marked the start of the Wall Street Crash of 1929; losses deepened in the following days and the U.S. economy slid into the Great Depression.
In 1931, the United States: the George Washington Bridge, connecting New York City with Fort Lee, New Jersey, opened to traffic on October 24. Spanning the Hudson River, it was the world's longest suspension bridge at the time of its opening.
In 1945, international (the Charter was signed in San Francisco, United States): the Charter of the United Nations entered into force on October 24 and the United Nations was officially established. Signed in San Francisco in June 1945, the Charter took effect after ratification by the five permanent members of the Security Council and a majority of the other signatories; October 24 is now observed as United Nations Day.
In 2003, the United Kingdom and France: Concorde made its final commercial passenger flight on October 24. Jointly developed by Britain and France, the supersonic airliner had entered commercial service in 1976, and the final flight ended 27 years of supersonic passenger travel.
In 2007, China: Chang'e 1, China's first lunar probe, was launched on October 24 aboard a Long March 3A rocket from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center in Sichuan Province. The probe entered lunar orbit on November 5 that year and relayed its first images of the Moon on November 26; its mission was extended until a controlled impact on the Moon on March 1, 2009.
来源：GSM·美国（原文链接）
图片来源：图：位于美国纽约的联合国总部大会大楼与会员国旗帜。1945年10月24日《联合国宪章》生效、联合国正式成立。照片 Yerpo 摄，CC BY-SA 3.0，经维基共享资源。Photo: The United Nations General Assembly building and member-state flags in New York, United States. The UN Charter entered into force on October 24, 1945. Photo by Yerpo, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
