刚果（金）前总统卡比拉出任东部叛军联盟领导人 联盟更名「国家重建」称承继多哈和谈承诺
达喀尔——据路透社10月16日报道，刚果民主共和国前总统约瑟夫·卡比拉本周接掌了占据该国东部地区的叛军力量，这是这场叛乱多年来最重大的一次改组。外交官、叛军消息人士与分析人士表示，此举为叛军提供了一位声望显赫的刚果人领袖人物，可能助其把自己塑造成一场全国性运动，而非卢旺达的代理人。
最明显的变化是名字。在周一宣布卡比拉的新角色后，由刚果河联盟（AFC）与M23武装组成的叛军联盟表示，他们今后将称为「国家重建」（法文Refoundation de la Nation，简称FRN）。这一名称暗示其重心转向刚果全国事务、而非地区事务。
领导层大部分留任：卡比拉出任主席，前刚果河联盟协调人科尔内耶·南加与M23政治领导人贝尔特朗·比西姆瓦出任副主席；M23资深领导人苏尔塔尼·马肯加也出任副主席职务，并继续担任叛军武装翼的负责人。
叛军在此次领导层变更前就表示，其主要目标是把现任总统费利克斯·齐塞克迪赶下台，指责其政府腐败、政策歧视并镇压反对派。但联合国专家与分析人士表示，这场暴力主要源于围绕权力、身份与资源的长期冲突，其根源可追溯到1990年代邻国卢旺达的种族灭绝甚至更早。西方国家与联合国专家指责基加利支持M23；卢旺达否认这一指控，但承认在安全事务上与叛军协调。
卡比拉2001年至2019年领导刚果（金）。他来自南部加丹加地区，当地对继任者齐塞克迪政府的不满正在上升，但叛乱尚未蔓延到该省；他还在纳米比亚、肯尼亚、南非等地区国家拥有联系。另一方面，他在超过任期两年后才下台，在刚果（金）许多地区（包括加丹加）深受不满；其政治网络近年已经减弱，许多旧盟友转投齐塞克迪、流亡或入狱；周一宣布之后，其政治阵营的几位重要人物已公开与他切割。一年前，刚果（金）一家法院在指控他加入叛军后以叛国罪缺席判处他死刑；今年4月，他又因向叛军提供物质支持、破坏刚果（金）东部稳定而受到美国制裁。
和平谈判方面，刚果河联盟/M23此前一直在卡塔尔斡旋的谈判中与刚果（金）政府接触，并于去年签署了一份双方承诺永久停火与更广泛和谈的宣言。「国家重建」周三表示，它「承继刚果河联盟/M23的全部权利、义务与承诺，包括在多哈谈判框架下作出的承诺」。在周二的联合国安理会会议上，刚果（金）强调各方须信守承诺，美国则呼吁推进谈判。双方到底在多大程度上致力于和平进程仍不明确，彼此都指责对方导致战斗持续。（GSM 据路透社报道）
DR Congo's Ex-President Kabila Takes over Eastern Rebel Alliance, Renamed 'Refoundation of the Nation'; Group Says It Assumes Doha Talk Commitments
DAKAR — The former president of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Joseph Kabila, took over leadership of rebel forces occupying eastern regions this week, in the most significant shake-up of the uprising in years, Reuters reported on October 16.
The move gives the rebels a highly prominent Congolese figurehead and could boost their efforts to present themselves as a national movement rather than a Rwandan proxy, diplomats, rebel sources and analysts said. After Monday's announcement of Kabila's new role, the rebels — an alliance of the Alliance Fleuve Congo coalition and the M23 armed group — said they would now be known as the Refoundation of the Nation (FRN). The name suggests a greater focus on national Congolese, not regional, affairs.
Much of the rebel leadership remains in place. Kabila takes over as president, while former Alliance Fleuve Congo coordinator Corneille Nangaa and M23 political leader Bertrand Bisimwa become vice presidents. Veteran M23 leader Sultani Makenga also takes a vice-presidential role, and remains chief of the rebel armed wing.
Even before the leadership change, the rebels said their main aim was to remove Congo's current president, Felix Tshisekedi, from power, accusing his administration of corruption, discriminatory policies and crackdowns on opponents. But UN experts and analysts said the violence has been primarily driven by long conflicts over power, identity and resources dating back to the 1990s genocide in neighbouring Rwanda and even earlier. Western countries and UN experts have accused Kigali of backing M23. Rwanda denies the allegations, but has acknowledged coordinating with the rebels on security matters.
Kabila — who led Congo from 2001 to 2019 — is from the southern Katanga region, where there is mounting resentment towards the administration of his successor Tshisekedi, but the rebellion has not yet reached the province. He also brings influential connections in Namibia, Kenya, South Africa and other parts of the region. But after remaining in power for two years beyond his mandate, Kabila left office deeply unpopular in much of Congo, including in Katanga; his political network has weakened in recent years, many former allies have switched allegiance to Tshisekedi, gone into exile or been imprisoned, and since Monday's announcement several prominent figures from his political camp have publicly broken ranks with him. A Congolese court sentenced Kabila to death in absentia for treason a year ago after allegations that he had joined the rebels. He was also placed under US sanctions in April for providing material support to the rebels and destabilizing eastern Congo.
The AFC/M23 had been negotiating with the Congolese government in Qatari-mediated talks and signed a declaration last year committing both sides to a permanent ceasefire and broader peace negotiations. The FRN said on Wednesday it "assumes all of the rights, obligations, and commitments" of AFC/M23, "including those undertaken in the context of the Doha negotiations." At a UN Security Council meeting on Tuesday, Congo stressed the need for all parties to make good on promises, while the US called for the pursuit of negotiations. It remains unclear how much either side is committed to the peace process, with both blaming the other for the continued fighting. (GSM, from Reuters reporting)
发布：GSM·美国（发布链接）
图片来源：图：刚果（金）东部戈马与基伍湖资料照片。照片：Sascha Grabow，Wikimedia Commons，CC BY-SA 3.0。Photo: Goma and Lake Kivu in eastern DR Congo (file photo). Photo by Sascha Grabow via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0.
GSM Global · 本篇英文版 English edition of this story
