Big Bear Lake白头鹰Jackie死因公布：尸检确认高致病性禽流感为主要病因
Big Bear Lake——加州鱼类与野生动物部（CDFW）10月14日与San Diego动物园野生动物联盟、奥海猛禽中心共同公布了大熊谷白头鹰「Jackie」（病患编号26-519）的尸检与后续检测结果：高致病性禽流感（HPAI）被确认是导致它健康衰退的主要病因。
尸检由San Diego动物园野生动物联盟的兽医病理专家执行。CDFW公布的结果显示，禽流感在Jackie身上以不寻常的方式发病：感染在其胃部肌胃（ventriculus）造成严重溃疡，引发持续内出血、重度贫血，并继发细菌性败血症；其心脏与多条大血管还检出严重炎症与血栓。在包括溃疡组织在内的多处组织中，都检出了禽流感病毒的遗传物质。加州动物健康与食品安全实验室（加州大学Davis分校）完成毒理与禽流感初检，最终确认由美国农业部国家兽医服务实验室作出。
毒理筛查在Jackie肝脏中检出了抗凝血灭鼠剂溴敌拿鼠（brodifacoum）与其他持久性环境污染物，但尸检未见该类灭鼠剂致死时典型的失控性出血，因此调查人员没有把它认定为主要死因。西尼罗河病毒检测为阴性，包括铅在内的重金属含量也在可接受范围内。
Jackie今年7月在Big Bear Lake北岸达纳角公园（Dana Point Park）附近被发现，当时它刚与两只亚成年白头鹰发生冲突，身体虚弱、无法飞行，随后被送往奥海猛禽中心救治。中心为它进行了包括输血在内的三周多强化治疗，它仍于8月9日夜间至8月10日死亡，终年约14岁。它的遗体已由美国鱼类与野生动物管理局下属的国家鹰类储存库按防范禽流感传播的既定程序火化。
Jackie于2012年在大熊谷孵化，是当地已知第一只在本地出生的白头鹰幼雏。非营利组织「大熊谷之友」自2015年起在其巢穴上方架设直播镜头，全球数以百万计的观众通过镜头看着它与伴侣Shadow筑巢、育雏，两只雏鹰Sandy与Luna今年4月刚孵化。CDFW表示，Shadow仍留在大熊一带，镜头记录显示没有证据表明Shadow或雏鹰染病。CDFW主任梅根·赫特尔（Meghan Hertel）在发布中表示，从这个个案中吸取的经验有助于今后其他鹰类与野生动物的救治与照护。
Cause of Death Released for Big Bear Bald Eagle Jackie: Necropsy Finds Bird Flu Was the Primary Cause
Big Bear Lake — The California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW), together with the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance and the Ojai Raptor Center, released the results on October 14 of the necropsy and follow-up testing on Jackie (Patient 26-519), the bald eagle from Big Bear Valley. The testing identified highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) as the primary underlying cause of her decline.
Veterinary pathologists at the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance performed the necropsy. According to the findings released by CDFW, the infection presented in an uncommon way: it produced a severe ulcer in the ventriculus, the muscular part of the stomach known as the gizzard, leading to persistent internal bleeding, severe anemia and secondary bacterial sepsis. Examiners also found severe inflammation and blood clot formation in the heart and several major blood vessels, and HPAI genetic material was detected in multiple tissues, including the ulcerated stomach tissue. Toxicology and initial avian influenza testing were done by the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory at UC Davis, with final confirmation through the USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratories.
Toxicology screening detected the anticoagulant rodenticide brodifacoum and other persistent environmental contaminants in Jackie's liver, but the necropsy did not show the uncontrolled bleeding typically associated with that rodenticide, so it was not identified as the primary cause of her illness or death. Testing for West Nile virus was negative, and heavy metals, including lead, were within acceptable limits.
Jackie was found in July near Dana Point Park on the north shore of Big Bear Lake, weak and unable to fly after an altercation with two subadult eagles, and was taken to the Ojai Raptor Center. She received more than three weeks of intensive care there, including a blood transfusion, but died overnight on August 9-10 at about 14 years old. Her remains were cremated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Eagle Repository under established procedures intended to prevent transmission of HPAI.
Jackie hatched in Big Bear Valley in 2012 and is believed to be the first bald eagle known to have hatched there. The nonprofit Friends of Big Bear Valley installed a nest camera in 2015, and millions of viewers worldwide watched her and her mate, Shadow, tend the nest and raise eaglets, most recently Sandy and Luna, who hatched in April. CDFW said Shadow remains in Big Bear and that camera data show no evidence that Shadow or the eaglets were sick. CDFW Director Meghan Hertel said in the release that what is learned from this case can help inform the care and treatment of other eagles and wildlife in the future.
发布：GSM·美国（发布链接）
图片来源：白头鹰Jackie在救治期间的照片，加州鱼类与野生动物部（CDFW）官方发布 / Jackie the bald eagle during her care. Photo courtesy of the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW), official release.
GSM Global · 本篇英文版 English edition of this story
