第九巡回法院裁定加州《反义警法》身份条款违宪：州政府不得强令联邦探员亮明身份
据《国会山报》经国家新闻台（The National News Desk）报道，联邦第九巡回上诉法院10月14日裁定，加利福尼亚州《反义警法》（No Vigilantes Act）中要求执法人员亮明身份的条款违反美国宪法的「最高条款」（Supremacy Clause），并将案件发回下级法院，要求其发布初步禁令、禁止加州执行该条款。三名法官组成的合议庭一致作出这一裁决。
《反义警法》由州长加文·纽森于2025年签署生效，要求未穿制服的执法人员在逮捕、拘留与人群管控等执法行动中，明显展示所属机构及姓名或徽章编号，不遵守者可被追究轻罪责任。该法出台时主要针对在加州开展行动的联邦移民与海关执法局（ICE）等联邦探员。联邦司法部随后起诉加州；今年2月，联邦地区法官克里斯蒂娜·斯奈德裁定身份条款可以继续执行（另行叫停了同一诉讼涉及的蒙面禁令）。
第九巡回法院此次推翻了地区法院的相关裁定。主笔意见的马克·贝内特法官写道，该法第10条直接凌驾于联邦政府决定是否、如何以及何时公开其官员身份的权力之上；合议庭指出，各州不得直接规管联邦政府的运作，并认定联邦政府在本案诉讼中「确定能够胜诉」。合议庭成员还包括丹尼尔·柯林斯与杰奎琳·阮两位法官。联邦中央区代理首席检察官比尔·埃塞利10月14日对裁决表示欢迎，称这是最高条款的一项重大胜利。加州方面尚未公布是否寻求全院复审。
（来源：《国会山报》报道（国家新闻台刊发）；《纽约邮报》报道）
Ninth Circuit Rules California's No Vigilantes Act ID Requirement Unconstitutional; State Cannot Force Federal Agents to Show Identification
A federal appeals court ruled on October 14 that the identification requirement in California's No Vigilantes Act violates the Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution, according to The Hill as reported by The National News Desk. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit remanded the case to the district court with instructions to enter a preliminary injunction barring California from enforcing the provision. A three-judge panel decided the matter unanimously.
The No Vigilantes Act, signed by Governor Gavin Newsom in 2025, requires nonuniformed law enforcement officers to visibly display their agency and their name or badge number during arrests, detentions and crowd-control operations, with misdemeanor penalties for noncompliance. The law was aimed principally at federal agents, including U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) personnel operating in California. The U.S. Department of Justice sued to block it; in February, U.S. District Judge Christina Snyder upheld the identification provision while separately blocking a related mask ban challenged in the same litigation.
The Ninth Circuit has now reversed the district court on the identification requirement. Writing for the panel, Judge Mark J. Bennett said the act's Section 10 explicitly overrides the federal government's power to determine whether, how and when to publicly identify its officers. The panel held that states may not directly regulate the operations of the federal government, and concluded the federal government is certain to succeed in its lawsuit. Judges Daniel Collins and Jacqueline Nguyen completed the panel. Bill Essayli, the acting U.S. attorney for the Central District of California, welcomed the ruling on October 14, calling it a major win for the Supremacy Clause. California officials have not yet announced whether they will seek rehearing by the full court.
Sources: The Hill reporting via The National News Desk, October 14, 2026; New York Post reporting, October 14, 2026.
来源：《国会山报》
发布：GSM·美国（发布链接）
图片来源：位于萨克拉门托的加利福尼亚州议会大厦（资料图）。图片来源：Wikimedia Commons，Steven Pavlov 摄，CC BY-SA 3.0 授权
GSM Global · 本篇英文版 English edition of this story
