路透披露欧盟内部文件：拟深化与越南关键矿产合作，以减少对华依赖
据路透社10月14日报道，其看到的欧盟内部文件显示，欧盟正寻求从越南获得更多关键矿产，以减少对中国的依赖，并担心现有供应可能面临风险。
越南拥有大量关键矿产储量，包括钨、稀土、锑、铋和铝土矿（可从中提取镓）。目前越南对欧盟的出口主要限于钨和锑，两者都用于国防领域，包括弹药和炸药。欧盟驻河内代表团编写的一份文件写道："考虑到欧洲需要尽快重整军备并去风险，欧盟不能忽视越南这一潜在的关键原材料供应国，尤其是其丰富的稀土和钨储量。"
这份日期为2026年6月的文件及附件建议欧盟为越南的采矿和加工产业提供资金支持，以"维持和扩大目前的获取渠道，特别是钨、铋、锑和钛"，并警告来自伙伴国家的竞争可能扰乱欧盟供应。文件称，在北京去年的出口限制"扰乱了欧洲供应链"之后，需要与越南加强接触，为欧盟"增加一个中国的替代选项"。
文件还敦促欧盟机构为越南领导人苏林访问布鲁塞尔准备具体成果。四名欧洲和越南官员表示，此次访问将于下周进行，会晤定于10月22日；访问尚未正式宣布。欧盟委员会发言人表示，欧方"目前正在评估与越南在关键原材料领域开展具体合作的潜力"。两名官员表示，关键矿产预计将在下周会谈中占据重要位置。越南目前不在欧盟16个原材料战略伙伴之列。
文件还提到供应风险：去年曾有一项由澳大利亚、美国和加拿大实体参与、收购越南最大钨矿企业马山高科技材料多数股权的计划流产，文件称该计划"并非对欧盟现有供应没有风险"。一家澳大利亚稀土企业与韩国企业在越南生产稀土金属的项目，也被文件视为另一项"可能让欧盟落在后面"的举措。文件同时指出在越南投资关键矿产的风险，包括中国参与情况不透明、监管与政治障碍等。
EU Seeks Closer Vietnam Ties on Critical Minerals in China Hedge, Internal Documents Show
The European Union is seeking to secure more critical minerals from Vietnam to reduce its reliance on China amid concerns that existing supplies may be at risk, according to internal EU documents seen by Reuters.
Vietnam has substantial deposits of critical minerals, including tungsten, rare earths, antimony, bismuth and bauxite, from which gallium can be extracted as a byproduct. Exports to the EU have been largely limited to tungsten and antimony, both used in the defence sector, including in ammunition and explosives. "Considering Europe's need to rearm and de-risk as fast as possible, the EU cannot afford ignoring Vietnam as a potential supplier of critical raw materials considering its abundant reserves in rare earth and tungsten in particular," said a document prepared by the EU delegation in Hanoi.
The report and an annexed document, dated June 2026, recommend financial support for Vietnam's mining and processing industry to "maintain and expand current access notably to tungsten, bismuth, antimony and titanium," warning that competition from partner countries might disrupt EU supplies. The documents say stronger engagement with Vietnam is needed to "add an alternative to China," the world's top producer of critical minerals, especially after Beijing's export restrictions last year "disrupted European supply chains."
One of the documents urged EU institutions to prepare for concrete outcomes during Vietnamese leader To Lam's visit to Brussels, which four European and Vietnamese officials said would take place next week, with meetings with EU leaders slated for October 22; the visit has not been officially announced. A spokesperson for the European Commission said the EU executive is "currently assessing the potential for concrete cooperation with Vietnam in the critical raw materials sector." Two officials said critical minerals are expected to feature prominently in next week's talks. Vietnam is not currently among the EU's 16 strategic partners on raw materials.
The documents also cite supply risks, including a failed plan last year involving entities from Australia, the US and Canada to acquire a majority stake in Vietnam's largest tungsten operation, owned by Masan High-Tech Materials, and a separate project by Australia's Lynas Rare Earths and South Korea's LS Eco Energy to produce rare earth metals in Vietnam, viewed as another initiative "which risks leaving the EU behind." The documents also warn of risks in investing in Vietnam's critical minerals, including a lack of transparency about China's involvement and regulatory and political hurdles.
图片来源：稀土矿场与加工设施（示意，美国芒廷帕斯矿）。图片来源：Wikimedia Commons，Tmy350 摄，CC BY-SA 4.0 授权
