意大利众议院通过梅洛尼选举改革：恢复全比例制，得票超42%的联盟获多数奖励席位
罗马——意大利众议院10月8日（周四）下午以227票赞成、164票反对，通过了总理焦尔贾·梅洛尼力推的新选举法。这项改革是梅洛尼本届任期的标志性措施之一，她接下来将把重心转向最迟于2027年10月举行的大选，并寻求连任。
新法恢复了全比例代表制。意大利在1993年公投后废除了这一制度——当时在左右两翼都爆出腐败丑闻的背景下，选民选择了多数制。新法被批评者称为「梅洛尼法」（Melonellum），其核心是多数奖励：任何在立法选举中得票超过42%的政党联盟，将额外获得70个众议员席位和35个参议员席位，以确保胜选联盟握有稳固的议会多数。众议院共400席，参议院共200席。
这部法律的通过并不平顺。今年7月14日，众议院曾在无记名投票中否决一项政府修正案，反对票中还包括执政多数内部的票数；此后文本经修改，于9月15日先获参议院通过，10月8日再在众议院闯关成功。梅洛尼在法律通过后于社交媒体表示，执政联盟团结一致、决心兑现对公民的承诺。
反对党在议事厅内举起写有反对口号的标语，称此举是巩固梅洛尼所属意大利兄弟党权力的又一步。中间偏左的民主党议会党团主席基娅拉·布拉加（Chiara Braga）批评该法意在集中权力。反对派已宣布将把新选举法提交宪法法院审查；2013年，宪法法院曾裁定此前选举法中的多数奖励条款无效。罗马路易斯大学制度史教授洛伦佐·卡斯泰拉尼（Lorenzo Castellani）分析称，新法会促使各联盟在选前尽量扩大联合范围。
不过，奖励门槛并不容易跨过。民调机构YouTrend10月8日发布的调查显示，意大利兄弟党及其盟友——联盟党与意大利力量党——目前合计得票尚未达到42%。下届大选可能提前到2027年春季举行。梅洛尼执政已满四年，任期长度已创意大利共和国历史纪录。
来源：据法国《世界报》10月9日罗马报道整理。
Italy's Chamber Passes Meloni Electoral Reform: Full Proportional System Returns With Majority Bonus Above 42%
ROME — Italy's Chamber of Deputies on Thursday, October 8 adopted Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni's new electoral law by 227 votes to 164, in a secret ballot. Meloni had made the reform one of the key measures of her term, and she now turns to the general election due by October 2027, in which she hopes to win a second term.
The law reinstates full proportional representation, which Italy abolished following a 1993 referendum, when voters opted for a majority system in the wake of corruption scandals affecting both right and left. Dubbed the 'Melonellum' by its critics, the law introduces a majority bonus: any political coalition that surpasses 42% of the vote in the legislative elections will be awarded an additional quota of 70 deputies and 35 senators, a measure designed to ensure the winner a solid grip on parliament. The Chamber has 400 seats and the Senate 200.
The path to passage was not smooth. On July 14, deputies rejected a government amendment in a secret ballot, with some votes against coming from within Meloni's own majority. The text was then modified and adopted by the Senate on September 15, before clearing the Chamber on October 8. Meloni said on social media shortly after the vote that the centre-right was united, cohesive and determined to carry forward its commitments to citizens.
Opposition members brandished signs in the chamber denouncing the law, calling its adoption another move to consolidate the power of Meloni's Brothers of Italy party. Chiara Braga, chair of the centre-left Democratic Party (PD) parliamentary group, accused the government of seeking to concentrate power. The opposition has announced it will challenge the new law before the Constitutional Court, which in 2013 already invalidated a majority bonus provided for in previous legislation. Lorenzo Castellani, professor of institutional history at Luiss Guido Carli University in Rome, said the new law encourages coalitions to expand ahead of elections.
Reaching the bonus threshold is not guaranteed. According to a poll published on October 8 by the Youtrend institute, Brothers of Italy and its allies — the League and Forza Italia — would not currently reach 42%. The next election could take place in spring 2027. Meloni, four years at the country's helm, has already set a longevity record for the role in the history of the Italian Republic.
Source: Le Monde, Rome, October 9.
图片来源：罗马蒙特奇托里奥宫内的众议院议事厅，Palazzo del Quirinale 提供，Attribution（Wikimedia Commons）
