财政部对美国银行开出约12.1亿美元罚单：反洗钱与制裁合规长期失效，三家机构协调执法
美国财政部 10 月 13 日宣布，外国资产控制办公室（OFAC）、金融犯罪执法局（FinCEN）与货币监理署（OCC）对美国银行（Bank of America, N.A.）采取协调执法行动，处罚总额约 12.1 亿美元。财政部称，这是该部历史上第三大处罚；其中 OCC 开出的 7.5 亿美元民事罚款是该机构有史以来最大的一笔，FinCEN 的罚款为其历史上第三大。
按构成，FinCEN 的罚款为 12 亿美元，其中 7.5 亿美元抵缴 OCC 的罚款，其余 4.5 亿美元由该行向财政部缴纳；OFAC 另以 11,662,930 美元（约 1,166 万美元）与该行达成和解。FinCEN 认定，该行蓄意违反《银行保密法》：至少在 2018 年 1 月 1 日至 2025 年 7 月 1 日期间，未能建立并维持有效的反洗钱计划，未对外国银行代理账户落实尽职调查，并迟报、漏报可疑活动报告（SAR）。
财政部表示，该行未及时报告的可疑交易超过 50 亿美元，其中超过 10 亿美元涉及国家安全等重点非法金融风险，包括中国洗钱网络、欺诈以及与西南边境有关的贸易型洗钱；监管机构还认定，该行在明知存在重大合规缺陷的情况下，未能充分调查数万亿美元的潜在可疑交易。OCC 指出，该行未能按 2024 年一项停止令的要求，充分整改此前已查明的反洗钱缺陷。
OFAC 的和解涉及 475 起涉嫌违规行为，发生于 2021 年 9 月 18 日至 2025 年 4 月 24 日，相关交易总值约 1,480 万美元，涵盖伊朗、俄罗斯、毒品与全球恐怖主义等多个制裁项目。据财政部，问题包括涉及被封锁银行的付款处理、制裁警报优先级处置错误、制裁观察名单更新延迟，以及被封锁账户处理中的人为错误；OFAC 将这些行为定性为非重大，但指其大体上并非该行自愿披露。
财政部长斯科特·贝森特（Scott Bessent）在声明中表示：“金融机构处在保护我国经济与国家安全的第一线。”他说：“当一家如此规模的银行未能履行其反洗钱和制裁义务时，后果远远超出它自身的围墙，使整个美国金融体系暴露于重大的非法金融风险之中。”他还表示，今天的行动发出了明确信号：即使是最大的金融机构也不能凌驾于法律之上。
财政部表示，FinCEN 的命令还要求该行实施整改，包括聘请第三方对可能漏报的可疑交易进行回溯审查。美国银行发言人在声明中表示，该行已投入大量人员和资源推进整改，相关成本已计入当前费用基础；该行称，将于周三公布的第三季度业绩会计入 12 亿美元不可抵税费用，约使季度每股净利减少 17 美分。据财经媒体报道，消息公布后，美国银行股价在周二盘后交易中下跌约 2%。
（来源：美国财政部新闻稿，2026 年 10 月 13 日；银行回应与股价据路透社、巴伦周刊报道）
Treasury Hits Bank of America With About $1.21 Billion in Penalties in Coordinated OFAC, FinCEN and OCC Actions
The U.S. Department of the Treasury announced on October 13 that the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) have taken coordinated enforcement actions against Bank of America, N.A., totaling approximately $1.21 billion in penalties. Treasury said the package is the third-largest penalty in the department's history; the OCC's $750 million civil penalty is the largest in that agency's history, and the FinCEN penalty is the third-largest in FinCEN's history.
By component, FinCEN assessed a $1.2 billion penalty, of which $750 million is credited toward the OCC penalty, with the remaining $450 million payable by the bank to the Treasury; OFAC separately settled with the bank for $11,662,930 (about $11.66 million). FinCEN found that the bank willfully violated the Bank Secrecy Act: from at least January 1, 2018 through July 1, 2025, it failed to implement and maintain an effective anti-money laundering program, failed to conduct required due diligence on foreign correspondent accounts, and filed suspicious activity reports (SARs) late or not at all.
Treasury said the bank failed to timely report more than $5 billion in suspicious transactions, including more than $1 billion involving national-security and other priority illicit finance risks, including Chinese money laundering networks, fraud and trade-based money laundering linked to the southwest border; regulators also found the bank failed to adequately investigate trillions of dollars in potentially suspicious transactions despite knowing of significant compliance deficiencies. The OCC said the bank had failed to adequately fix the shortcomings identified under a 2024 cease-and-desist order.
The OFAC settlement resolves 475 apparent violations tied to transactions between September 18, 2021 and April 24, 2025, with a total value of about $14.8 million, spanning multiple sanctions programs including those on Iran, Russia, narcotics and global terrorism. According to Treasury, the breakdowns included payments involving blocked banks, sanctions alerts that were wrongly prioritized, delayed updates to sanctions watchlists and human error in handling blocked accounts; OFAC described the apparent violations as non-egregious but largely not voluntarily self-disclosed.
“When a bank of this size fails to meet its anti-money laundering and sanctions obligations, the consequences extend far beyond its own walls, exposing the entire U.S. financial system to significant illicit finance risks,” Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent said in a statement, adding that financial institutions are on the front lines of protecting U.S. economic and national security, and that the actions send a clear message that even the biggest financial institutions are not above the law.
Treasury said FinCEN's order also requires remediation, including third-party lookbacks to identify suspicious activity that may have been missed. A Bank of America spokesperson said the bank has dedicated substantial personnel and resources to its remediation efforts and that those costs are in its current expense base; the bank said its third-quarter results, due Wednesday, will include a $1.2 billion non-tax-deductible charge reducing quarterly net income by approximately 17 cents per share. Financial media reported the bank's shares fell about 2% in after-hours trading on Tuesday following the announcement.
(Source: U.S. Department of the Treasury press release, October 13, 2026; the bank's response and share move as reported by Reuters and Barron's)
图片来源：美国银行总部大楼（北卡罗来纳州夏洛特），Wikimedia Commons，公有领域
